similarities是什么意思ilarities在线翻译读音

明确目录格式英语论文目录格式----英语毕

业论文

-->摘要:针对英语专业毕业论文目录普遍存在比重失调、层次不清和

结构混淆等问题，提出明确格式、精简标题、统一体例的解决对

策，并举例说明。英语专业毕业论文目录(Contents)是论文撰写的一

个有机组成部分，可视为论文的一扇窗口，它不仅映射论文的主要

内容，而且反映论文的学术质量甚至学术价值。因此，切不可小看

论文目录的撰写。

然而，在指导毕业论文的写作过程中，笔者发现不少学生撰写的目

录存在比重失调、层次不清、结构混乱等不规范现象。那么如何才

能撰写好英语专业毕业论文的目录呢?经分析研究，笔者认为，明确

格式是前提，理清层次是基础，统一体例是保障。本文就此分述如

下。

一、明确目录格式英语论文目录格式尽管因学校要求有所不同，但

大同小异。总体说来，目录格式以分层次［1］均衡排列为佳，否则

会造成比重失调，下级标题项数要么不均衡，要么欠完整。例如一

篇题为良的组词 “DifferenceBetericancooking„„„„„„„„„„„3

2．1．1FoodinAmericanculuture„„„„„„„„„3

2．2HistoryofChinesecooking„„„„„„„„„„„„4

2．2．1FoodinChineseculutre„„„„„„„„„„4

3．DifferentDietaryConcept„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5

3．1Sumptuousandluxuriousfeastsvs．simpleandplain

meals„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

3．dualism„„„„„„„„„„„7

4．DifferentTableEtiquette„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8

4．1Attendancetime„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9

4．2Tabletaboos„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10

4．3Tableericancooking和

2．2HistoryofChinesecooking分别只有一项三级标题:

2．1．1FoodinAmericanculture和2．2．1FoodinChineseculture。

按照《MLA科研论文写作规范》，目录中标题数字和字母标号应一

致，若无项数2就不应使用项数1，若无项数b就不应使用项数a。

［2］上例中的三级标题

2．1．1和2．2．1恰恰吃力的近义词 与之相悖。当目录下级标题出现一个时，

应采用合并，将其整合归属于其上级标题。［3］这样，不妨将该目

录的2．1．1和2．2．1直接删去。经此删改后，会使目录各级标

题均衡得当。再如一篇题为“LanguageFeaturesof

AdvertisingEnglish”的论文目录:

1．Introduction„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

1．1Rationaleofthestudy„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

1．2Definitiono醴怎么读 fadvertising„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

2．LexicalFeatures„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

2．1Classificationofadvertisinganditsaudience„„„„„2

2．2Similaritiesatthelexicallevel„„„„„„„„„„3

2．3Differencesatthelexicallevel„„„„„„„„„„6

3．SyntacticalFeatures„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8

3．1Similarities„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9

3．2Differences„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10

4．DiscourseFeatures„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„11

5．Conclusion„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

12Bibliography„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„13该目录一级

标题中的2．LexicalFeatures和3．Syntac-ticalFeatures都有二级标

题阐述其异同，但其中的4．DiscourseFeatures下的二级标题空缺，

致使目录中二级标题不完整。就此问题，《英语写作手册》一书中

指出:论述甲的项目多于论述乙的项目(如:I．A，B，C，D;II．A，

B)，这是比较与对照文章的一个常犯的错误。［4］笔者认为，该目

录中的这种二级标题完全空缺也可归属该类常犯错误。为使该目录

完整，可再在其4．Discou辛弃疾的诗句 rseFeatures下增补4．1Similarities和

4．2Differences两个二级标题即可。

二、理清层次关系在撰写目录的同时，还应注重理清层次关系，即:

遵循同级标题表达同一层次相互并列内容的原则进行排列各级标

题，不然就会出现层次混淆、脉络不清等问题。例如一篇题为

“CulturalSimilaritiesandDiffer-encesofConnotationsBetal

Vocabulary”的论文目录:

1．Introduction„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

2．TheSignificanceofparisonandContrastofAnimalalalewo

-->rdintemeaning„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

3．1．2Thesameculturalconnotationofdifferentanimalalalal

eaningbutpoorinChinese„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9

3．3．2TheeaningbutpoorinEnglish„„„„„„„„„„10

4．TheImportanceofKnoilarities

andDifferences„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10

5．Conclusion„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

11Bibliography„„„多少楼台烟雨中全诗 „„„„„„„„„„„„„12本目录的问

题在于层次多处混淆。一是3．TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesof

AnimalilaritiesofanimalalalalalalalalilaritiesofAnimal

eaning„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

2．2Thesameculturalc

-->onnotationofdifferentanimalalakingtransitionandgetting

feedback„„„„„„„1

2．2Stimulatingstudents’interestandinspiringthoughts„2

2．3Promotinglearningandcausinginquisitiveawareness„2

2．4Developingpartici

-->pationandenouragingspeakingin

class„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

3．ClassificationoftheQuestions„„„„„„„„„„„„3

3．1Convergentquestionsanddivergentquestions„„„„3

3．2Promptingquestionsandprobingque蒹葭拼音版 stions„„„„„3

3．3Displayingquestionsandreferentialquestions„„„„4

4．ProblemsExistinginTeachers’Questioning„„„„„„„6

4．1Irrelevantquestions„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

4．2Shalloely，inaccurateandnegativeevaluation„„„„6

5．StrategiesofQuestioning„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7

5．1Preparingquestionscarefully„关于思乡的古诗10首 „„„„„„„„„„7

5．1．1Settingpurposeofquestioning„„„„„„„„7

5．1．2Usingtheartofquestioning„关羽墓出土青龙偃月刀 „„„„„„„„8

5．2Catchingquestioningopportunitiestimely„„„„„„9

5．3Handlingquestionesproperly„„„„„„„„„10

6．Conclusion„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

11Bibliography„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„12

值得一提的是:论文中的致谢(Acknoents)、摘要(Abstract)等部分应列

入目录中，尽管其页码标记各校要求不一，但一般阿拉伯数字页码

标记从正文开始计数。［7］四、结语目录在英语专业毕业论文撰写

的实施过程中可谓举足轻重。论文撰写前，它能帮助组织论文材料;

论文撰写中，它能检查落实论文进展;论文修改中，它能审视推理论

文逻辑。目录的撰写及修订应从目录格式、层次关系、标题体例这

三方面入手，着重核查目录中的各级标题是否比重均衡、层次清

晰、结构得当。只有这样，才能确保论文的目录质量、乃至论文的

学术水平。