trt是什么意思在线翻译读音例句-however是什么意思
2023年3月31日发(作者:chairlift)
Journal ofEarth Science and Engineering 2(2012)418-429
Semiautomated OOA Map of M orphocllrnatic ‘ ●■ ‘
frOm S百O Jo ̄o--MG River Basin,Brazil
Evandro Klen Panquestor1
,
Ra61 Sanchez Vicens and Maria Luisa Pimenta Fonseca
.Favale Geography Department,University ofState ofMinas Gerais,Carangola 36830000,Brazil
2.Geography Department,University Federal Fluminense,Niter6i 2421 0340,Brazil
3.Geography Deptartment,University Federal ofRio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro 21941972,Brazil
Received:May 2O,2012/Accepted:June 27,2012/Published:July 20,2012
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Abstract:This study proposes a survey of environmental information by applying techniques of modeling,image segmentation and
00A(object・oriented analysis1 in the definition of landscape units based on morphoclimatic atributes.Landscape attributes such as
climate and relief(morphoclimatic1 were selected to start the characterization of the Sao Joao—MG river basin,located in
southeastern region Brazil.The semiautomated mapping was produced from data extracted,respectively,of the DEM Aster ̄and
Topodata,and grid Worldclim.This database was processed and scaled to l:1 00,000 scale,generating a geomorphological
classification,according to criteria of IPT(Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas),two climatic classifications,the one by the
methodology of Koppen and the other one by methodology Thornthwaite&Mather and a classification of land use.The thematic
maps were associated in GIS with a geological base.soil vector.defining landscape units.
Key words:Attributes of landscape,object-oriented analysis,semiautomated map
1.1ntroduction
’l’he semiautomated method is an ettective
procedure as a subsidy to landscape planning maps.
This method is efficiency by enabling the application
of thresholds in the establishment of classes and the
definition of landscape units.
The classification in regions by means of
instruments segmentation and OOA robject—oriented
analysis)is a procedure better than the traditional
pixel-by—pixe1.Previous segmentation allows the
definition provided for the classification of regions
according to criteria to be defined by the researcher.
1.1 Landscape Units
Landscapes are complex natural systems,which
occur very second interactions between natural and
CorrespOnding author:Evandro Klen Panquestor,Ph.D.,
titular professor,main research fields:landscape environmental
and cultural diagnosis,land use planning and mapping
techniques.E—mail:evandroklen@gmail.com.
anthropogenic components(attributes) in the
geographical area.They cover areas with specific
characteristics(homogeneous),but heterogeneous
with respect to the neighborhood【1].
The landscape is defined as an interrelated set of
natural formations and socioeconomics.The landscape
can be considered as a system that contains resources,
ways of life and human activitys as a natural
laboratory and a source of aesthetic perceptions for
different societies according to their cultures and ways
of representing the landscape[2].
The landscape can be understood as
social—economic system:designed as a living area
where human society,featuring an ambient spatial
relation that has existential significance for society,
composed of a specific functional capacity for the
development of economic activities.
In a way,it is a concept analogous to the social
space, system social, ecological or territorial
productive complex,involving as system-level natural
~ {8 ~
Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes from Sao Joao--MG River Basin,Brazil 419
formations and social,and is used primarily by human
geography and other disciplines eminently socia1.
Understanding the interaction between society and
nature aims at obtaining a set of information prepared
and organized to contribute in the development of
environmental planning and land use.
The landscape planning is defined as an instrument
of territorial planning,with a legal basis for the
realization of the goals of nature protection and care
of the landscape in places with or without human
occupation[3 1.
The scientific procedure of regionalization is to
determine the system of territorial division of spatial
units of any type(administrative,economic,natural,
etc.).The natural regionalization Covers all types of
regionalization of complex components and the
geographical dimension(regional climate,edaphic,
physic—geographical,etc.)【4].
These information products are accompanied by
text and thematic maps with technical—scientific
content of an interdisciplinary nature.The correlation
of integrated information results in the identification
of landscape units.
The climate through its elements contributes to the
weathering process and modulations of 1and forms.
Influences in the pedogenesis and interferes in the
proce后赤壁赋苏轼原文及翻译 ss of colonization of the vegetation.The
knowledge of their types in the planning process helps
to guide the use and occupation of land in different
landscapes.
According to climatologists,it is possible to define
areas where the climate is relatively uniforill across
diverse landscapes[5】.This region is commonly
known as climatic region.In this case,the
classification of climatic types and their mapping
procedures are required in the description of
landscapes contained in these regions.
The landscape units are territorial areas that keep
some degree of physiognomic homogeneity,reflecting
the natural flows of energy and matter between the
components and inserts by means of human economic
activities throughout history.The homogeneity is
given by the elements that reveal visual patterns such
as relief,vegetation and land use.
The relief forms may be facilitative or
restrictive processes of land occupation,the territorial
arrangement of landscapes and production.Its
characteristics are important for the definition of
urban and rural infrastructure best suited to production
systems in different landscape units【6].The relie ̄in
its forms,reveals the endogenous and exogenous
process,which definition of the different landscape
units.
The classification of the landscape should reflect
the level of state territory and simultaneously,the
degree of spatial differentiation.The different
arrangements attributes of the landscape for the
formation of units with specific characteristics,in
particular from the attributes climate and
geomorphology(morphoclimatic).
In this study.the term“morphoclimatic”is used to
define attributes which relief features and
climatic—hydrologic conditions result in a set space in
a territorial order of magnitude.In addition to these
attributes can be associated with soil types and
vegetation specific【7].
The identification of the different landscape units
contributes to the delineation of the different
compartments of nature,which are associated with
various forms of land uses undertaken by the society,
as in Silo Joho River Basin--MG,Brazil(Fig.1).
The study river basin covers an area of 492 km ,
including with n its limits four counties in the state of
Minas Gerais:Alto Capara6,Capara6,Espera Feliz and
Caiana with population estimates 3 8.62 1 inhabitants for
the year 20ll from the Census of20l0[8].
The SAo JO萏o-一MG River Basin is formed by the
relationship between different natural elements,such
as climate,topography,soil,geology,which form
different combinations landscaping.The type of land
use also influences to further diversify existing
landscapes in the study area.
420 Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes from Sio Joio--MG River Basin,Brazil
The relationship between relief mountainous,the
tropical climate of altitude,the Atlantic Forest biome
and the occupation process characterized by the use of
monocultures and livest0ck over the centuries XVIII
to XXI resulted in a mosaic landscape structure.
The general objective of this study was to delineate
landscape units in the river basin of the S百o
Jo螽。一MG(Fig.1)by means of morphoclimatic
(climate and relief)attributes.The specific objectives
were:to classify the types of climate according to the
methodologies proposed by K6ppen 【9] and
Thornthwaite&Mather[1 0】and classify the types of
reliefin accordance with the proposal ofIPT[1 1].
』.2 The Semiautomated Mapping
The geographic information systems are now
widely used in most European countries and USA and
its use is expanding in countries such as Brazil,as a
means of boosting the processing of spatial
information and training database.
The use of GIS in planning CROSS the landscape is
evident.The methods of processing geographic
information are suitable to support all different
planning tasks,as regards the detection of the actual
situation and a flexible combination of different data
layers.Furthermore,there are the extensive
possibilities for display and output data compared to
manual processing.
The application of procedures aimed at obtaining
thematic maps from a structured database leads to a
faster identification of landscape units according to
the thresholds for the selected attributes.
Fig.1 S磊O Joio River Basin--MG.Brazil.
Sereiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes from SaO JOaO——MG River Basin-Brazil 42 1
However,using a larger amount of information and
greater spatial resolution,confusing maps tend to be
generated through the methods of classification
pixe1.by—pixe1.So it need to change about the
procedures used.The general idea is approaching the
object.orientation to a problem, applying the
techniques of classification by division or grouping
【12].
The procedure based on segmentation and
delineation of regions in terms of average data(or
variance,size,shape and texture)reflectance or
radiance brings new possibilities and better mapping
results[13】.
.
3 The DevelopmentStudy
The study was conducted in two well defined steps
which were also divided in this article.Initially the
classes were established according to the climatic
classification of K6ppen and Thomthwaite&Mather.
Then there is the definition of geomorphologic units
in accordance with criteria established by IPT.
Associated with geomorphologic mapping is the
mapping climate seconds Thomthwaite&Mather,
considered more appropriate where the procedure is
made between the hierarchies of objects.
2.Methodology and Results
Image segmentation is a computational procedure
applied before a classification algorithm.
Segmentation allows you to divide the image into
spectrally homogeneous regions.In these samples can
be set for applying a classification algorithm
supervised.
In the application of segmentation,they are
generally set two thresholds:similarity and area.In
this study,the authors chose the threshold of similarity,
in which below the value established two regions are
considered similar and grouped into a single region
[14].
To explore the data, it was decided to
object oriented classification.This is a classification
based on multiresolution segmentation,hierarchical
networks,fuzzy membership functions(fuzzy logic or
fuzzy),as well as elements of cognition.
In this approach,the authors use the concept of
object.because it is considered that the semantic
information necessary to analyze the image which is
not found in the pixel,but the image obj ects and
relations between them.
On this basis it was decided to use the application
eCognition ̄[1 5],which enable the construction of
thematic maps from procedures such as segmentation
and object.oriented analysis.There were operators
that contribute to the definition of classes and
identification of landscape units.
In this study the classification algorithm allows the
inclusion of multiple combinations made by logical
operators,using the fuzzy membership functions for
the thresholds【1 6].Fuzzy logic 过华清宫绝句 is characterized as the
ab川tV to handle intermediate values between 0 and 1,
defining for each object a set of degrees of
membership.
It possible to extract their semantic analysis,from a
database which allows the establishment of
relationships between different variables called
objects.These objects are 1isted according to the
supervised classification in which its attributes are
automatically compared and correlated.
This comparison and correlation allow the
establishment of classes within hierarchical networks,
occurring interdependence between the involved
objects according to attributes(keys)entered by the
researcher.There are conditions to be established
classes and their redefnitions new classes
hierarchically dependent.
So,these keys of interpretation contribute for both
aspects to the geomorphologic and climatic.Research
data sources such as rankings of KOppen and
Thornthwaite&Matter,and geOmOrphOlOgic mapping
of the IPT allowed the definition of intervals or keys
to the interpretation of the phenomena studied
The contextual information was extracted from the
422 Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclima中秋节的真正来历50字 tic Attributes from S百O Jo ̄o--MG River Basin,Brazil
database climatic and geomorphologic could be
described in a semantic context that allowed grouping
the semantic classes which have similar
characteristics.and in a spatial context in which
neighboring entities are organized in a tree with the
vertical direction.
The overriding objective of any classification
system climate is to obtain an efficient arrangement of
information in a simplified and generalized.The
climatic classification is intended to provide a
framework for the emcient organization of climatic
data and the understanding of the complex variations
in climate in the world.
Through the climatic classification,the details and
complexities of monthly and seasonal statistics are
condensed into simpler forms,making it easily
understood.The classification is performed in order to
simplify,clarify and understand the weather patterns
at different scales.
Mapping climate has been drawn from the grid
Worldclim,which represents data interpolated to 1 km
pixels value of resolution【1 7].The data were scaled
to obtain an approximate map scale of l:1 00.000.The
spline method was used in the application ArcGIS ̄
【l8].
2. The KOppen Climate Classification
The climatic classifications can follow two
approaches:genetic or empirica1.The genetic
approach is based on the climate controls,such as the
factors that determine or cause the different climates.
The ratings are based on empirical elements
themselves or observed climatic effects on other
phenomena such as vegetation and humans.In this
study the authors chose to use classifications that
value the interaction among the climate,vegetation,
topography and society.
Then the empiricaI models for classification of
K6ppen and Thornthwite&Mather were applied.The
model of K6ppen is relatively simple and quite
popular.It takes into account when considering the
effective rainfall in the hot and cold ramy seasons
[19】.
Another advantage of the K6ppen classification
relates to the use of numerical values to define the
limits.The early availability of the database on the
values of temperature and precipitation allows other
researchers to question the validity of particular limits,
and updated as the more reliable data become
available,such as model Worldclim.
The main limitation of the classification of K6ppen,
despite their widespread use is the lack of rationale in
selecting the values of temperatures and rainfall for
different climate zones. For this classification
interpolated data were processed using ArcGIS ̄
raster calculator tool to extract the following
information:(1)temperature of the warmest month
and the coldest month,(2)average rainfall of the
driest month and yearly tota1.
Depending on the rainfall below 2,500 mm per year
and the temperature is between 1 8。C and一3。C,the
climate was classified as C(mesothermal-subtropica1).
Three classes were identified.Their descriptors and
thresholds are in Table 1.
The segmentation for interpolated climate data was
performed with the scale parameter value 1 00 in the
application eCognition ̄.The same value was used
for the next climatologic classification.
The previous map(Fig.2)shows the predominance
of Cwb class(medium humidity)in relief of hills and
Cwa(intermediate and higher temperature)in relief of
lower altitude.The Cfb climate iS limited to
medium.sized mountains are characterized by
concentration of rain.
2.2 Classification ofClimate Thornthwaite&Mather
The approach of Thornthwaite climate classification
was considered useful in various fields such as
ecology,agriculture and water resources development.
This is a classification based on the concept of
potential evapotranspiration,the water balance and
mo sture content.
424 Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes frOm Sao Joio--MG River Basin,Brazil
In order to establish the type of classification 1t was
necessary to make the water balance of the study area.
The data obtained were interpolated to the grid
Worldclim new scale(1:1 00,000).
The raster calculator tool was used along with map
algebra in order to obtain the following data:potential
and actual evapotranspiration,accumulated negative,
and rate of storage.
From these data have been established the TEI
(thermal efficiency index) and EHI(effective
humidity index).The classes identified in Table 2.
The map(Fig.3)shows the predominance of
subtropical B’1 B’3 class(medium humidity)in relief
of hills and subtropical B’1 B’4(intermediate and
higher temperature)in relief of lower altitude.The
subtropical B’1 A’is a class climate limited to
medium.sized mountains.This class is characterized
by concentration of rain and low temperature.
The classifications of K6ppen and Thornthwaite
are considered by the empirical use of descriptive
numerical data.The criticism is that the first
classification concerns the manner of obtaining such
data.The numerical grid Worldclim expanded access
to these data(precipitation,temperature and
bioclimatic)for greater accuracy.
K6ppen developed a simple and practical
methodology to be applied. In the case of
Thornthwaite&Mather the search for greater
precision and based on water balance requires greater
accuracy.In practical terms,it demands more
operations, but contributes to ecological and
agricultural studies(including the territoria1)given to
consideration of evapotranspiration and moisture data.
The first classification also showed greater accuracy
Table 2 Thornthwaite&Mather classification.
in relation to topography and its forms.The
differences in topography,especially the tops,were
well delineated.In the second method,there was no
strong correction,though still present.
The OOA robject—oriented analysis) used a
methodology that contributed to the database could be
processed in fuzzy logic with interpretive keys(key
words specific to each classification).
By allowing a small degree of variation in the
determination of classes,the fuzzy logic approach
contributes to the natural phenomena.The climatic
classitication of Thornthwaite&Mather could better
express the relationship between altimetry and thermal
variation.Thus,the hierarchy was established between
the three climatic types and identified six types of
re1ief
2.3 Geomorphologic Classification
The multiresolution segmentation allows
segmenting images into hierarchical levels(scales)
that relate to each other,forming a hierarchical
network and knowledge base for the classification of
objects,opening new perspectives of application of
automatic classification in geomorphology.
The geomorphologic classification was made from
data extracted from Aster DEM ̄[20]subsequently
corrected with the DEM Topod ̄a[2 1]scale of
1:1 00,000.The data used were slope,hillshade and
topography,which were combined to the software
eCognition ̄.
The authors generated maps of slope and shading,
which were used together in applications.The
thresholds were set according to the definition of IPT.
Thus,from two segmentations 1 00 and 200,classes
428 Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes from Sio Joio--MG River Basin,Brazil
Fig.5 depicts the process used in the hierarchy of
classes and subclasses.Started from the weather as
arge classes in which the data were related to relief
from the second annotated bibliography described
previously entered.
This hierarchical process was used for classification
of landscape units and beRer definition for studies of
land use.The next map shows this hierarchy.There
are other combinations of attributes and data that can
be used to refine the results obtained.
From an initial mode results obtained allow the
visualization of possible combinations between the
types of climate according to Thornthwaite&Matter
proposed classification and geomorphic studies
conducted from the IPT.Thus results in the definition
of regions that can best be defined as units of
landscape and planning units.
In Fig.6.there is a distribution Of 1 7 landscape
units identified from the relationship between climate
and topography in the SaO JO鑫O River Basin.This
study did not require further action other than those
mentioned descriptors due to reasonable identification
of classes.
3.Conclusion
From this procedure were defined combinations of
1 7 types of terrain and climate types.These units
constitute the basis for the future integration of
geological,soil and land use configuration in order for
the territorial units.
Furthermore,the utilization of fuzzy logical and the
Definiens eCognition ̄bring new possibilit霹雳布袋戏 ies to the
segmentation and multiresolution detection regions for
subsequent classification.The final products(thematic
maps)were produced and give more this technology
than the classification pixel—by—pixe1.
The multiresolution segmentation was adequate for
a small study area facilitating the delineation of
regions for the classification of geomorphologic and
climatic types.It is therefore a suitable methodology
for this scale study.
The landscape units found may be divided using a
larger number of descriptors or through manual
intervention compared with the actually achieved in
visits to these units.In any case,the procedure was
especially effective because it allows the production
of maps current scale does not exist for the basin of
the S萏o Joao River.
Numerical data processed and spatial are also
valuable in order to generate other maps that may
contribute to the managemen消耗的意思 t of the study area.This
is a watershed in which rural development should be
encouraged beyond the activities currently performed.
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