plateaus是什么意思teaus在线翻译读音例

《ATHOUSANDPLATEAUS》

第3页至13页

achofuswas

several,havemadeuseof

everythingthatcamewithinrange,whatwasclostestaswellasfarthest

havewekeptourownnames?Outofhabit,

erimperceptible,notourselves,

butwhatmakesusact,feel,causeit’snicetotalklike

everybodyelse,tosaythesunrises,wheneverybodyknowsit’sonlya

h,notthepointwhereoneonlongersaysI,

butthepointwhereitisnolongerofanyimportancewhetheronesaysI.

beenaided,

inspired,multiplied.

Abookhasneitherobjectnorsubject;itismadeofvariouslyformed

matters,ibutethebooktoa

subjectistooverlookthisworkingofmatters,andtheexteriorityoftheir

fabricateabeneficentGodtoexplaingeological

k,asinallthings,therearelinesofarticulationor

segmentarity,strataandterritories;butalsolinesofflight,movementsof

ativeratesofflowon

theselinesproducephenomenaofrelativeslownessandviscosity,or,on

thecontrary,s,linesandmeasurable

speeds,sanassemblageofthiskind,

ultiplicity—butwedon’tknowyet

whatthemultipleentailswhenitisnolongerattributed,thatis,afterit

eofamachinic

assemblagefacesthestrata,whichdoubtlessmakeitakindoforganism,

orsignifyingtotality,ordeterminationattributabletoasubject;italsohas

asidefacingabodywithoutorgans,whichiscontinuallydismantlingthe

organism,causingasignifyingparticlesorpurintensitiestopassor

circulate,andattributyingtoitselfsubjectsthatitleaveswithnothing

morethananameasthetraceofanintensity,andthepossibilityoftheir

convergingona―planeofconsistency‖,as

elsewhere,theunitsofmeasurearewhatisessential:quantifywriting.

Thereisnodifferencebetweenwhatabooktalksaboutandhowitis

semblage,abookhas

onlyitself,inconnectionwithotherassemblagesandinrelationtoother

neveraskwhatabookmeans,assignified

orsignifier;ask

whatitfunctionswith,inconnectionwithwhatotherthingsitdoesor

doesnottransmitintensities,inwhichothermultiplicitiesitsownare

insertedandmetamorphosed,andwithwhatbodieswithoutorgansit

tselfisalittlemachine;whatisthe

relation(alsomeasurable)ofthisliterarymachinetoawarmachine,love

machine,revolutionarymachine,etc.—andanabstractmachinethat

sweepsthemalong?Wehavebeencriticizedforoverquotingliterary

nonewrites,theonlyquestioniswhichothermachine

theliterarymachinecanbepluggedinto,mustbepluggedintoinorderto

andamadwarmachine,Kafkaandamostextraordinary

bureaucraticmachine…(Whatifonebecameanimalorplantthroughthe

voicethatonebecomesanimal?)

snoideologyandneverhasbeen.

Allwetalkaboutaremultiplicities,lines,strataandsegmentarities,

linesofflightandintensities,machinicassemblagesandtheirvarious

types,bodieswithoutorgansandtheirconstructionandselection,the

planeofconsistency,meters,

deleometres,BwOunitsofdensity,BwOunitsofconvergence:Notonly

dotheseconstituteaquantificationofwriting,buttheydefinewritingas

ghasnothingtodowith

odowithsurveying,mapping,evenrealmsthatareyet

tocome.

eisalreadytheimageof

theworld,theclassical

book,asnoble,signifying,andsubjectiveorganicinteriority(thestrataof

thebook).Thebookimitatestheworld,asartimitatesnature:by

proceduresspecifictoitthataccomplishwhatnaturecannotorcanno

ofthebookisthelawofreflection,theOnethat

ldthelawofthebookresideinnature,whenitis

whatpresidesovertheverydivisionbetweenworldandbook,natureand

art?Onebecomestwo:wheneverweencounterthisformula,evenstated

strategicallybyMaoorunderstoodinthemost―dialectical‖waypossible,

whatwehavebeforeusisthemostclassicalandwellreflected,oldest,

doesn’tworkthatway:innature,

rootsaretaprootswithamoremultiple,lateral,andcircularsystemof

ramification,tlagsbehindnature.

Eventhebookasanaturalrealityisataproot,withitspivotalspineand

bookasaspiritualreality,theTreeorRootas

animage,endlesslydevelopsthelawoftheOnethatbecomestwo,then

ofthetwothatbecomefour….Binarylogicisthespiritualrealityofthe

isciplineas―advanced‖aslinguisticsretainsthe

root-treeasitsfundamentalimage,andthusremainsweddedtoclassical

reflection(forexample,Chomskyandhisgrammaticaltrees,which

beginatapointSandproceedbydichotomy).Thisisasmuchastosay

thatthissystemofthoughthasneverreachedanunderstandingof

multiplicity:inordertoarriveattwofollowingaspiritualmethoditmust

ideoftheobject,itisnodoubt

possible,followingthenaturalmethod,togodirectlyfromOnethethree,

four,offive,butonlyifthereisastrongprincipalunityavailable,thatof

esn’tgetus

arylogicofdichotomyhassimplybeenreplacedby

otaltaproot

providesnobetterunderstandingofmultiplicitythanthedichotomous

ratesintheobject,logicand

biunivocalrelationshipsstilldominatepsychoanalysis(thetreeof

delusionintheFreudianinterpretationofSchreber’scase),linguistics,

structuralism,andeveninformationscience.

Theradicle-system,orfascicularroot,isthesecondfigureofthe

book,me,the

principalroothasaborted,oritstiphasbeendestroyed;animmediate,

indefinitemultiplicityofsecondaryrootsgraftsontoitandundergoesa

me,naturalrealityiswhatabortsthe

principalroot,buttheroot’sunitysubsists,aspastoryettocome,as

askifreflexive,spiritualrealitydoesnotcompensate

forthisstateofthingsbydemandingandevenmorecomprehensive

secretunity,lliamBurroughs’s

cut-upmethod:thefoldingofonetextontoanother,whichconstitutes

multipleandevenadventitiousroots(likeacutting),impliesa

supplementarydimensionoffolding,unitycontinuesitsspirituallabor.

Thatiswhythemostresolutelyfragmentedworkcanalsobepresentedas

dernmethodsformaking

seriesproliferateoramultiplicitygrowareperfectlyvalidinone

direction,forexample,alineardirection,whereasaunityoftotalization

assertsitselfevenmorefirmlyinanother,circularorcyclic,dimension.

Wheneveramultiplicityistakenupinastructure,itsgrowthisoffsetby

rtionistsofunityare

indeedangelmakers,doctoresangelici,becausetheyaffirmaproperly

’swords,accuratelydescribedashaving

―multipleroots,‖shatterthelinearunityoftheword,evenoflanguage,

onlytopositacyclicunityofthesentence,text,orknowledge.

Nietzsche’saphorismsshatterthelinearunityofknowledge,onlyto

invokethecyclicunityoftheeternalreturn,presentasthenonknownin

asmuchastosaythatthefascicularsystemdoesnot

reallybreakwithdualism,withthecomplementaritybetweenasubject

andanobject,anaturalrealityandaspiritualreality:unityisconsistently

thwartedandobstructedintheobject,whileanewtypeofunitytriumphs

ldhaslostitspivot;thesubjectcannolongereven

dichotomize,butaccedestoahigherunity,ofambivalenceor

overdetermination,inanalwayssupplementarydimensiontothatofits

ldhasbecomechaos,butthebookremainstheimageof

theworld:ge

mystification:ate,

whatavapididea,h,itisnot

enoughtosay,―Longlivethemultiple,‖difficultasitistoraisethatcry.

Notypographical,lexical,orevensyntacticalclevernessisenoughto

tiplemustbemade,notbyalwaysaddingahigher

dimension,butratherinthesimplestofwaysbydintofsobriety,withthe

numberofdimensionsonealreadyhasavailable—alwaysn–1(theonly

waytheonebelongstothemultiple:alwayssubtracted).Subtractthe

uniquefromthemultiplicitytobeconstituted;writeatn–1dimensions.

meas

withrootsorradiclesmaybe

rhizomorphicinotherrespectsaltogether:thequestioniswhetherplant

meanimalsare,in

erhizomes,Burrowsaretoo,inalloftheir

functionsofshelter,supply,movement,evasion,

rhizomeitselfassumesverydiverseforms,fromramifiedsurface

ts

zomeincludesthebestandtheworst:

potatoandcouchgrass,andplant,couchgrassis

hedistinctfeelingthatwewillconvincenooneunless

weenumeratecertainapproximatecharacteristicsoftherhizome.

plesofconnectionandheterogeneity:andpointofa

rhizomecanbeconnectedtoanythingother,very

differentfromthetreeorroot,whichplotsapoint,

linguistictreeontheChomskymodelstillbeginsatapointSand

ontrary,noteverytraitinarhizomeis

necessarilylinkedtoalinguisticfeature:semioticchainsofeverynature

areconnectedtoverydiversemodesofcoding(biolog憎怎么读 ical,political,

economic,etc.)thatbringintoplaynotonlydifferentregimesofsignsbut

tiveassemblagesof

enunciationfunctiondirectlywithinmachinicassemblages;itisnot

impossibletomakearadicalbreakbetweenregimesofsignsandtheir

enlinguisticsclaimstoconfineitselftowhatisexplicit

andtomakenopresuppositionsclaimstoconfineitselftowhatisexplicit

andtomakenopresuppositionsaboutlanguage,itisstillinthesphereof

adiscourseimplyingparticularmodesofassemblageandtypesofsocial

y’sgrammaticality,thecategoricalSsymbolthat

dominateseverysentence,ismorefundamentallyamarkerofpowerthan

asyntacticmarker:youwillconstructgrammaticallycorrectsentences,

youwilldivideeachstatementintoanounphraseandaverbphrase(first

dichotomy…).Ourcriticismoftheselinguisticmodelsisnotthatthey

aretooabstractbut,onthecontrarythattheyarenotabstractenough,that

theydonotreachtheabstractmachinethatconnectsalanguagetothe

semanticandpragmaticcontentsofstatements,tocollectiveassemblages

ofenunciation,me

ceaselesslyestablishesconnectionsbetweensemioticchains,

organizationsofpower,andcircumstancesrelativetothearts,sciences,

ticchainislikeatuberagglomeratingvery

diverseacts,notonlylinguistic,butalsoperceptive,mimetic,gestural,

andcognitive:thereisnolanguageinitself,norarethereanylinguistic

universals,onlythrongofdialects,patois,slangsandspecialized

snoidealspeaker-listener,anymorethanthereisa

geis,inWeinreich’swords,

―anessentiallyheterogeneousreality.‖Thereisnomothertongue,onlya

powertakeoverbyadominantlanguagewithinapoliticalmultiplicity.

Languagestabilizesaroundaparish,abishopric,sabulb.

Itevolvesbysubterraneanstemsandflows,alongrivervalleysortrain

tracks;wayspossibletobreaka

languagedownintointernalstructuralelements,anundertakingnot

salways

tamethodforthepeople.A

methodoftherhizometype,onthecontrary,cananalyzelanguageonly

ageis

nevercloseduponitself,exceptasafunctionofimpotence.

pleofmultiplicity:itisonlywhenthemultipleiseffectively

treatedasasubstantive,―multiplicity,‖thatitceasestohaveanyrelation

totheOneassubjectorobject,naturalorspiritualreality,imageand

licitiesarerhizomatic,andexposearborescent

snounitytoserveasa

pivotintheobject,snounitytoserve

asapivotintheobject,snoteventhe

unitytoabortintheobjector―return‖plicityhas

neithersubjectnorobject,onlydeterminations,magnitudes,and

dimensionsthatcannotincreaseinnumberwithoutthemultiplicity

changinginnature(thelawsofcombinationthereforeincreaseinnumber

asthemultiplicitygrows).Puppetstrings,asarhizomeormultiplicity,are

tiednottothesupposedwillofanartistorpuppeteerbuttoamultiplicity

ofnervefibers,whichformanotherpuppetinotherdimensionsconnected

tothefirst:―

mightbeobjectedthatitsmultiplicityresidesinthepersonoftheactor,

whoprojectsitintothetextGranted;buttheactor’snervefibersinturn

yfallthroughthegraymatter,thegrid,intothe

undifferentiated…Theinterplayapproximatesthepureactivityof

weaversattributedinmythtotheFatesorNorns.‖Anassemblageis

preciselythisincreaseinthedimensionsofamultiplicitythatnecessarily

renopointsor

positionsinarhizome,suchasthosefoundinastructure,tree,orroot.

ennGuldspeedsuptheperformanceofa

piece,heisnotjustdisplayingvirtuosity,heistransformingthemusical

pointsintolines,beris

nolongerauniversalconceptmeasuringelementsaccordingtotheir

emplacementinagivendimension,buthasitselfbecomeamultiplicity

thatvariesaccordingtothedimensionsconsidered(theprimacyofthe

domainoveracomplexofnumbersattachedtothatdomain).Wedonot

haveunits(units)ofmeasure,onlymultiplicitiesorvarietiesof

ionofunity(unit)appearsonlywhenthereisa

powertakeoverinthemultiplicitybythesignifieroracorresponding

thecaseforapivot-unityformingthe

basisforasetofbiunivocalrelationshipsbetweenobjectiveelementsor

points,orfortheOnethatdividesfollowingthelawofabinarylogicof

lwaysoperatesinanempty

dimensionsupplementarytothatofthesystemconsidered(overcoding).

Thepointisthatarhizomeormultiplicityneverallowsitselftobe

overcoded,neverhasavailableasupplementarydimensionoverand

aboveitsnumberoflines,thatis,overandabovethemultiplicityof

tiplicitiesareflat,inthesense

thattheyfilloroccupyalloftheirdimensions:wewillthereforespeakof

aplaneofconsistencyofmultiplicities,eventhoughthedimensionsof

this―plane‖increasewiththenumberofconnectionsthataremadeonit.

Multiplicitiesaredefinedbytheoutside:bytheabstractline,thelineof

flightordeterritorializationaccordingtowhichtheychangeinnatureand

neofconsistency(grid)isthe

eofflightmarks:therealityofafinite

numberofdimensionsthatthemultiplicityeffectivelyfills;the

impossibilityofasupplementarydimension,unlessthemultiplicityis

transformedbythelineofflight;thepossibilityandnecessityof

flatteningallofthemultiplicitiesonasingleplaneofconsistencyor

exteriority,alforabook

wouldbetolayeverythingoutonaplaneofexteriorityofthiskind,ona

singlepage,thesamesheet:livedevents,historicaldeterminations,

concepts,individuals,groups,inventedawriting

ofthistype,abrokenchainofaffectsandvariablespeeds,with

accelerationsandtransformations,alwaysinarelationwiththeoutside.

ts,therefore,areopposedineverywaytotheclassical

orromanticbookconstitutedbytheinteriorityofasubstanceorsubject.

e

designatedbyindefinitearticles,orratherbypartitives(somecouchgrass,

someofarhizome…)

pleofasignifyingrupture:againsttheoversignifyingbreaks

memay

bebroken,shatteredatagivenspot,butitwillstartupagainononeofits

oldlines,nevergetridofantsbecausetheyform

ananimalrhizomethatcanreboundtimeandagainoftermostofithas

hizomecontainslinesofsegmentarityaccording

towhichitisstratified,territorialized,organized,signified,attributed,etc.,

aswellaslinesofdeterritorializationdownwhichitconstantlyflees.

Thereisaruptureintherhizomewheneversegmentarylinesexplodeinto

alineofflight,ines

whyonecanneverpositadualism

oradichotomy,evenintherudimentaryformofthegoodandthebad.

Youmaymakearupture,drawalineofflight,yetthereisstilladanger

thatyouwillreencounterorganizationsthatrestratifyeverything,

formationsthatrestorepowertoasignifier,attributionsthatreconstitutea

subject—anythingyoulike,fromOedipalresurgencestofascist

andindividualscontainmicrofascismsjustwaitingto

,dbadareonlythe

productsofanactiveandtemporaryselection,whichmustberenewed.

Howcouldmovementsofdeterritorializationandprocessesof

reterritorializationnotberelative,alwaysconnected,caughtupinone

another?Theorchiddeterritorializesbyforminganimage,atracingofa

wasp:pis

neverthelessdeterritorialized,becomingapieceintheorchid’s

eterritorializestheorchidbytransporting

dorchid,asheterogeneouselements,formarhizome.

Itcouldbesaidthattheorchidimitatesthewasp,reproducingitsimagein

asignifyingfashion(mimesis,mimicry,lure,etc.).Butthisistrueonlyon

thelevelofthestrata—aparallelismbetweentwostratasuchthataplant

sametime,somethingelseentirelyisgoingon:ontimitationatallbuta

captureofcode,surplusvalueofcode,anincreaseinvalence,averitable

becoming,abecoming-waspoftheorchidandabecoming-orchidofthe

thesebecomingsbringsaboutthedeterritorializationof

onetermandthereterritorializationoftheother;thetwobecomings

interlinkandformrelaysinacirculationofintensitiespushingthe

sneitherimitationnor

resemblance,onlyanexplodingoftwoheterogeneousseriesonthelineof

flightcomposedbyacommonrhizomethatcannonongerbeattributedto

orsubjugatedbyanythingsignifying.RmyChauvinexpressesitwell:

―theaparallelevolutionoftwobeingsthathaveabsolutelynothingtodo

witheachother.‖Moregenerally,evolutionaryschemasmaybeforcedto

ertainconditions,

aviruscanconnecttogermcellsandtransmititselfasthecellulargeneof

acomplexspecies;moreover,itcantakeflight,moveintothecellsofan

entirelydifferentspecies,butnotwithoutbringingwithit―genetic

information‖fromthefirsthost(forexample,BenvenisteandTodaro’s

currentresearchonatypeCvirus,withitsdoubleconnectiontobaboon

DNAandtheDNAofcertainkindsofdomesticcats).Evolutionary

schemaswouldnolongerfollowmodelsofarborescentdescentgoing

fromtheleasttothemostdifferentiated,butinsteadarhizomeoperating

immediatelyintheheterogeneousandjumpingfromonealready

ain,thereisaparallelevolution,of

thebaboonandthecat;itisobviousthattheyarenotmodelsorcopiesof

eachother(abecoming-babooninthecatdoesnotmeanthatthecat

―plays‖baboon).Weformarhizomewithourviruses,orratherour

coisJacob

says,transfersofgeneticmaterialbyvirusesorthroughotherprocedures,

fusionsofcellsoriginatingindifferentspecies,haveresultsanalogousto

thoseof―theabominablecouplingsdeartoantiquityandtheMiddle

Ages.‖Transversalcommunicitionsbetweendifferentlinesscramblethe

lookforthemolecular,orevensubmolecular,

veandidemorefromour

polymorphousandrhizomaticflusthanfromhereditarydiseases,or

zomeisan

antigencealogy.

Thesameappliestothebookandtheworld:contrarytoadeeply

rootedbelief,sarhizome

withtheworld,thereisanaparallelevolutionofthebookandtheworld;

thebookassuresthedeterritorializationoftheworld,buttheworldeffects

areterritorializationofthebook,whichinturndeterritorializesitselfin

theworld(ifitiscapable,ifitcan).Mimicryisaverybadconcept,since

itreliesonbinarylogictodescribephenomenaofanentirelydifferent

codiledoesnotreproduceatreetrunk,anymorethanthe

kPanther

imitatesnothing,itreproducesnothing,itpaintstheworlditscolor,pink

onpink;thisisitsbecoming-world,carriedoutinsuchawaythatit

becomesimperceptibleitself,asignifying,makesitsrupture,itsownline

offlight,follwsits―aparallelevolution‖dom

oftheplants:evenwhentheyhaveroots,thereisalwaysanoutsidewhere

theyformarhizomewithsomethingelse—withthewind,ananimal,

humanbeings(anthereisalsoanaspectunderwhichanimalsthemselves

formrhizomes,asdopeople,etc.).―Drunkennessasatriumphant

irruptionoftheplantinus.‖Alwaysfollowthethizomebyrupture;

lengthen,prolong,andrelaythelineofflight;makeitvary,untilyouhave

producedthemostabstractandtortuousoflinesofndimensionsand

theplants:

youstartbydelimitingafirstlineconsistingofcirclesofconvergence

aroundsuccessivesingularities;thenyouseewhetherinsidethatlinenew

circlesofconvergenceestablishthemselves,withnewpointslocated

,formarhizome,increase

yourterritorybydeterritorialization,extendthelineofflighttothepoint

whereitbecomesanabstractmachinecoveringtheentireplaneof

consistency.―Gofirsttoyouroldplantandwatchcarefullythe

herainmusthavecarriedthe

hecrevicesmadebytherunoff,andfromthem

ndtheplantthatisgrowingat

devil’sweedplantsthatare

…youcanextendthesizeofyour

territorybyfollowingthewatercoursefromeachpointalongtheway.‖

Musichasalwayssentoutlinesofflight,likesomany―transformational

multiplicities,‖evenoverturningtheverycodesthatstructureorarborify

it;thatiswhymusicalform,rightdowntoitsrupturesandproliferations,

iscomparabletoaweed,arhizome.

pleofcartographyanddecalcomania:arhizomeisnot

icaxisislikeanobjectivepivotalunity

uponwhichsuccessivestagesareorganized;adeepstructureismorelike

abasesequencethatcanbebrokendownintoimmediateconstituents,

whiletheunityoftheproductpassesintoanother,transformationaland

subjective,esnotconstituteadeparturefromthe

representativemodelofthetree,orroot—pivotaltaprootorfascicles

(forexample,Chomsky’s―tree‖isassociatedwithabasesequenceand

representstheprocessofitsowngenerationintermsofbinarylogic).A

rviewthatgeneticaxis

andprofoundstructureareaboveallinfinitelyreproducibleprinciplesof

linguisticsasinpsychoanalysis,itsobjectisanunconsciousthatisitself

representative,crystallizedintocodifiedcomplexes,laidoutalonga

listo

describeadefactostate,tomaintainbalanceinintersubjectiverelations,

ortoexploreanunconsciousthatisalreadytherefromthestart,lurkingin

istsoftracing,onthe

basisofanovercodingstructureorsupportingaxis,somethingthatcomes

earticulatesandhierarchizestracings;tracingsare

liketheleavesofatree.

Therhizomeisaltogetherdifferent,

map,hiddoesnotreproducethetracingofthewasp;

itformsamapwiththewasp,stinguishesthemap

fromthetracingisthatitisentirelyorientedtowardanexperimentationin

doesnotreproduceanunconsciousclosed

inuponitself;ersconnections

betweenfields,theremovalofblockagesonbodieswithoutorgans,the

maximumopeningofbodieswithoutorgansontoaplaneofconsistency.

isopenandconnectableinallof

itsdimensions;itisdetachable,reversible,susceptibletoconstant

etorn,reversed,adaptedtoanykindofmounting,

reworkedbyanindividual,group,edrawnon

awall,conceivedofasaworkofart,constructedasapoliticalactionor

soneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofthe

rhizomeisthatitalwayshasmultipleentryways;inthissense,theburrow

isananimalrhizome,andsometimesmaintainsacleardistinction

betweenthelineofflightaspassagewayandstorageorlivingstrata(cf.

themuskrat).Amaphasmultipleentryways,asopposedtothetracing,

whichalwayscomesback―tothesame.‖Themaphastodowith

performance,whereasthetracingalwaysinvolvesanalleged

―competence.‖Unlikepsychoanalysis,psychoanalyticcompetence

(whichconfineseverydesireandstatementtoageneticaxisor

overcodingstructure,andmakesinfinite,monotonoustracingsofthe

stagesonthataxisortheconstituentsofthatstructure),schizoanalysis

rejectsanyideaofpretraceddestiny,whatevernameisgiventoit—

divine,anagogic,historical,economic,structural,hereditary,or

syntagmatic.(ItisobviousthatMelanieKleinhasnounderstandingofthe

cartographyofoneofherchildpatients,LittleRichard,andiscontentto

makeready-madetracings—Oedipus,thegooddaddyandthebaddaddy,

thebadmommyandthegoodmommy—whilethechildmakesa

desperateattempttocarryoutaperformancethatthepsychoanalyst

totallymisconstrues.)Drivesandpart-objectsareneitherstagesona

geneticaxisnotpositionsinadeepstructure;theyarepoliticaloptionsfor

problems,theyareentrywaysandexits,impassesthechildlivesout

politically,inotherwords,withalltheforceofhisorherdesire.

Havewenot,however,revertedtoasimpledualismbycontrasting

mapstotracings,asgoodandbadsides?Isitnotoftheessenceofthe

maptobetraceable?Isitnotoftheessenceoftherhizometointersect

rootsandsometimesmergewiththem?Doesnotamapcontain

phenomenaofredundancythatarealreadyliketracingsofitsown?Does

notamultiplicityhavestratauponwhichunificationsandtotalizations,

massifications,mimeticmechanisms,signifyingpowertakeovers,and

subjectiveattributionstakeroot?Donotevenlinesofflight,duetotheir

eventualdivergence,reproducetheveryformationstheirfunctionitwas

todismantleoroutflank?uestionof

method:

s

steadlikea

photographorXraythatbeginsbyselectingorisolating,byartificial

meanssuchascolorationsorotherrestrictiveprocedures,whatitintends

tatoralwayscreatesthemodel,

tracinghasalreadytranslatedthemapintoanimage;ithasalready

rganized,

stabilized,neutralizedthemultiplicitiesaccordingtotheaxesof

enerated,

structuralizedtherhizome,andwhenitthinksitisreproducingsomething

whythetracingisso

etracing

reproducesofthemaporrhizomeareonlytheimpasses,blockages,

incipienttaproots,ookat

psychoanalysisandlinguistics:alltheformerhasevermadearetracings

orphotosoftheunconscious,andthelatteroflanguage,withallthe

betrayalsthatimplies(it’snotsurprisingthatpsychoanalysistieditsfate

tothatoflinguistics).

第21页至25页

Aplateauisalwaysinthemiddle,notatthebeginningortheend.A

yBatesonusestheword―plateau‖to

designatesomethingveryspecial:acontinuous,self-vibratingregionof

intensitieswhosedevelopmentavoidsanyorientationtowarda

oncitesBalinesecultureasan

example:mother-childsexualgames,andevenquarrelsamongmen,

undergothisbizarreintensivestabilization.―Somesortofcontinuing

plateauofintensityissubstitutedfor[sexual]climax,‖war,ora

egrettablecharacteristicoftheWesternmindto

relateexpressionsandactionstoexteriorortranscendentends,insteadof

evaluatingthemonaplaneofconsistencyonthebasisoftheirintrinsic

mple,abookcomposedofchaptershasculminationand

kesplaceinabookcomposedinsteadof

plateausthatcommunicatewithoneanotheracrossmicrofissures,asina

multiplicitiesbysuperficialundergroundstemsinsuchawayastoform

givenitacircularform,butonlyfor

rningwewouldwakeup,andeachofuswouldask

himselfwhatplateauhewasgoingtotackle,writingfivelineshere,ten

allucinatoryexperiences,wewatchedlinesleaveone

circles

ateaucanbereadstartinganywhereandcanbe

inthemultiple,onemusthavea

methodthateffectivelyconstructsit;notypographicalcleverness,no

lexicalagility,noblendingorcreationofwords,nosyntacticalboldness,

,thesearemoreoftenthannotmerelymimetic

proceduresusedtodisseminateordisperseaunitythatisretainedina

differceduresusedtodisseminateordisperseaunitythatisretainedina

aphical,

lexical,orsyntacticcreationgsarenecessaryonlywhennolongerbelong

totheformofexpressionofahiddenunity,becomingthemselves

dimensionsofthemul陈涉世家译文简单版 tiplicityunderconsideration;weonlyknowofrare

usedwords

thatinturnfunctionforusasplateaus.

RHIZOMATICS=SCHIZOANALYSIS=STRATOANALYSIS=PRAGMA

TICS=ordsareconcepts,butconceptsare

lines,whichistosay,numbersystemsattachedtoaparticulardimension

ofthemultiplicities(strata,molecularchains,linesofflightorrupture,

circlesofconvergence,etc.).Nowheredoweclaimforourconceptsthe

omorefamiliarwithscientificitythanweare

withideology;onlyassemblages

aremachinicassemblagesofdesireandcollectiveassemblagesof

ificance,nosubjectification:writingtothenthpower

(allindividuatedenunciationremainstrappedwithinthedominant

significations,allsignifyingdesireisassociatedwithdominatedsubjects).

Anassemblage,initsmultiplicity,necessarilyactsonsemioticflows,

materialflows,andsocialflowssimultaneously(independentlyofany

recapitulationthatmaybemadeofitinascientificortheoreticalcorpus).

Thereisnolongeratripartitedivisionbetweenafieldofreality(the

world)andafieldofrepresentation(thebook)andafieldofsubjectivity

(theauthor).Rather,anassemblageestablishesconnectionsbetween

certainmultiplicitiesdrawnfromeachoftheseorders,sothatabookhas

nosequelnortheworldasitsobjectnoroneorseveralauthorsasits

t,wethinkthatonecannotwritesufficientlyinthename

sidehasnoimage,nosignification,nosubjectivity.

Thebookasassemblagewiththeoutside,againstthebookasimageof

mebook,notadichotomous,pivotal,orfascicularbook.

Neversenddownroots,orplantthem,howeverdifficultitmaybeto

avoidrevertingtotheoldprocedures.―Thosethingswhichoccurtome,

occurtomenotfromtherootupbutratheronlyfromsomewhereabout

eonethenattempttoseizethem,letsomeone

attempttoseizeabladeofgrassandholdfasttoitwhenitbeginstogrow

onlyfromthemiddle.‖Whyisthissodifficult?Thequestionisdirectly

’snoteasytoseethingsinthemiddle,

ratherthanlookingdownonthemformaboveorupatthemfrombelow,

orfromlefttorightorrighttoleft:tryit,you’llseethateverything

’snoteasytoseethegrassinthingsandinwords(similarly,

Nietzschesaidthatanaphorismhadtobe―ruminated‖;neverisaplateau

separablefromthecowsthatpopulateit,whicharealsothecloudsinthe

sky).

Historyisalwayswrittenfromthesedentarypointofviewandinthe

nameofaunitaryStateapparatus,atleastapossibleone,evenwhenthe

lackingisaNomadology,theoppositeofa

reraresuccessesinthisalso,forexample,onthesubject

oftheChildren’sCrusades:MarcelSchwob’sbookmultipliesnarratives

ereis

andrzejewski’tesduparadis(thegatesofparadise),

composedofasingleuninterruptedsentence;aflowofchildren;aflowof

walkingwithpauses,straggling,andforwardrushes;thesemioticflowof

theconfessionsofallthechildrenwhogouptotheoldmonkatthehead

oftheprocessiontomaketheirdeclarations;aflowofdesireand

sexuality,eachchildhavingleftoutofloveandmoreorlessdirectlyled

bythedarkposthumouspederasticdesireofthecountofVendme;all

importantisnotwhetherthe

flowsare―Oneormultiple‖—we’repastthatpoint:thereisacollective

assemblageofenunciation,amadchinicassemblageofdesire,oneinside

theotherandbothpluggedintoanimmenseoutsidethatisamultiplicity

ecentexampleisArmandFarrachi’sbookonthe

Fourthcrusade,Ladislocation,inwhichthesentencesspacethemselves

outanddisperse,orelsejostletogetherandcoexist,andinwhichthe

letters,thetypographybegintodanceasthecrusadegrowsmoredelirious.

gwedsawar

machineandlinesofflight,abandoningthestrata,segmentarities,

sedentarity,isamodelstillretainaunity,in

Schwob’scaseapivotalunity,inFarrachi’sanabortedunity,andinthe

mostbeautifulexample,Lesportesduparadis,theunityofthefunereal

count?Isthereaneedforamoreprofoundnomadismthanthatofthe

Crusades,anomadismoftruenomade,orofthosewhonolongereven

moveorimitateanything?Thenomadismofthosewhoonlyassemble

(agencent).Howcanthebookfindanadequateoutsidewithwhichto

assembleinheterogeneity,ratherthanaworldtoreproduce?Thecultural

bookisnecessarilyatracing:alreadyatracingofitself,atracingofthe

previousbookbythesameauthor,atracingofotherbookshowever

differenttheymaybe,anendlesstracingofestablishedconceptsand

words,atracingoftheworldpresent,past,e

anticulturalbookmaystillbeburdenedbytooheavyaculturalload:but

itwelluseitactively,forforgettinginsteadofremembering,for

underdevelopmentinsteadofprogresstowarddevelopment,innomadism

ratherthansedentarity,tomakeamapinsteadofatracing.

RHIZOMATICS=POPANALYSIS,evenifthepeoplehaveotherthings

todobesidesreadit,eveniftheblocksofacademiccultureor

ence

mathematics:

it’snotascience,it’samonsterslang,it’therealmof

theory,especiallyintherealmoftheory,anyprecariousandpragmatic

frameworkisbetterthantracingconcepts,withtheirbreaksandprogress

eptiblerupture,

nomadsinventedawarmachineinoppositiontotheStateapparatus.

Historyhasnevercomprehendednomadism,thebookhasnever

teasthemodelforthebookandfor

thoughthasalonghistory:logos,thephilosopher-king,thetranscendence

oftheIdea,theinteriorityoftheconcept,therepublicofminds,thecourt

ofreason,thefunctionariesofthought,

State’spretensiontobeaworldorder,

machine’srelationtoanoutsideisnotanother―model‖;itisan

assemblagethatmakesthoughtitselfnomadic,andthebookaworking

partineverymobilemachine,astemforarhizome(KleistandKafka

againstGoethe).

Writetothenthpowerthen–1power,writewithslogans:

make!rhizomesnotroots,neverplant!Don’tsow,growoffshoots!Don’t

beoneormultiple,bemultiplicities!Runlines,neverplotapoint!Speed

turnsthepointintoaline!Bequick,evenwhenstandingstill!Lineof

chance,lineofhips,’tbringouttheGeneralinyou!

Don’thavejustideas,justhaveanidea(Godard).Haveshort-termideas.

Makemaps,inkPantherandyourloves

willbelikethewaspandtheorchid,say

aboutoldmanriver:

Hedon’tplant’tatos

Don’tplantcotton

Themthatplantsthemissoonforgotten

Butoldmanriverhejustkeepsrollin’along

Arhizomehasnobeginningorend;itisalwaysinthemiddle,

betweenthings,interbeing,eisfiliation,butthe

rhizomeisalliance,eimposestheverb―tobe,‖

butthefabricoftherhizomeistheconjunction,―and…and…and…‖

thisconjunctioncarriesenoughforcetoshakeanduproottheverb―to

be.‖Whereareyougoing?Whereareyoucomingfrom?Whatareyou

headingfor?acleanslate,

startingorbeginningagainfromgroundzero,seekingabeginningora

foundation—allimplyafalseconceptionofvoyageandmovement(a

conceptionthatismethodical,pedagogical,initiatory,symbolic…).But

Kleist,Lenz,andBchnerhaveanotherwayoftravelingandmoving:

proceedingfromthemiddle,throughthemiddle,comingandgoingrather

anliterature,andalreadyEnglish

literature,manifestthisrhizomaticdirectiontoanevengreaterextent;

theyknowhowtomovebetweenthings,establishalogicoftheAND,

overthrowontology,doawaywithfoundations,nullifyendingsand

dleisbyno

meansanaverage;onthecontrary,itiswherethingspickupspeed.

Betweenthingsdoesnotdesignatealocalizablerelationgoingfromone

thingtotheotherandbackagain,butaperpendiculardirection,a

transversalmovementthatsweepsoneandtheotheraway,astrea去时雪满天山路打一生肖 m

withoutbeginningorendthatunderminesitsbanksandpicksupspeedin

themiddle.

第75页到85页

er20,1923---PostulatesofLinguistic

TheOrder-wordAssemblage

I.―LanguageIsInformationalandCommunicational‖

Whentheschoolmistressinstructsherstudentsonaruleofgrammaror

arithmetic,sheisnotinformingthem,anymorethansheisinforming

snotsomuchinstructas

―insign‖,er’scommandsarenot

notflow

primarysignificationsorresultfrominformation:anorderalwaysand

alreadyconcernspriororders,

compulsoryeducationmachinedoesnotcommunicateinformation;it

imposesuponthechildsemioticcoordinatespossessingallofthedual

foundationsofgrammar(masculine-feminine,singular-plural,noun-verb,

subjectofthestatement-subjectofeducation,etc.).Theelementaryunit

thancommon

sense,afacultyforthecentralizationofinformation,wemustdefinean

abominablefacultyconsistinginemitting,receiving,andtransmitting

geismadenottobebelievedbuttobeobeyed,and

tocompelobedience.―Thebaronesshasnottheslightestintentionof

convincingmeofhersincerity;sheissimplyindicatingthatsheprefersto

seemepretendtoagree.‖Weseethisinpoliceorgovernment

announcements,whichoftenhavelittleplausibilityortruthfulness,but

ifference

toanykindofcredibilityexhibitedbytheseannouncementsoftenverges

ple

formsofspeecharenotthestatementofajudgmentortheexpressionofa

feeling,but―thecommand,theexpressionofobedience,theassertion,the

question,theaffirmationornegation,‖veryshortphrasesthatcommand

lifeandareinseparablefromenterprisesandlarge-scaleprojects:

―Ready？‖―Yes.‖―Goahead.‖Wordsarenottools,butwegivechildren

language,pens,andnotebooksaswegiveworkersshovelsandpickaxes.

Aruleofgrammarisapowermarkerbeforeitisasyntacticalmarker.

Theorderdoesnotrefertopriorsignificationsortoapriororganization

ationisonlythestrict

minimumnecessaryfortheemission,transmission,andobservationof

tbejustinformedenoughnottoconfuse

―Fire!‖with―Fore!‖ortoavoidtheunfortunatesituationoftheteacher

andthestudentasdescribedbyLewisCarroll(theteacher,atthetopof

thestairs,asksaquestionthatispassedonbyservants,whodistortitat

eachstepoftheway,andthestudent,belowinthecourtyard,returnsan

answerthatisalsodistortedateachstageofthetripback).Languageis

notlife;esnotspeak;itlistensandwaits.

Everyorder-word,evenafather’stohisson,carriesalittledeath

sentence---aJudgment,asKafkaputit.

notaquestionoftheoriginoflanguage,sincetheorder-wordisonlya

language-function,uage

alwaysseemstopresupposeitself,ifwecannotassignitanonlinguistic

pointofdeparture,itisbecauselanguagedoesnotoperatebetween

somethingseen(orleft)andsomethingsaid,butalwaysgoesfromsaying

evethatnarrativeconsistsnotincommunicatingwhat

onehasseenbutintransmittingwhatonehasheard,whatsomeoneelse

notevensufficetoinvokeavisiondistorted

―first‖language,orratherthefirstdeterminationof

language,

importancesomehaveaccordedmetaphorandmetonymyproves

orsandmetonymiesare

merelyeffects;theyareapartoflanguageonlywhentheypresuppose

remanypassionsinapassion,allmannerof

voicesinavoice,murmurings,speakingintongues:thatiswhyall

discourseisindirect,andthetranslativemovementpropertolanguageis

istedeniesthatthebeehaslanguage,

nolanguagebecauseitcancommunicatewhatithasseenbutnottransmit

athasseenafoodsourcecan

communicatethemessagetoothersthatdidnotseeit,butabeethathas

notseenitcannottransmitthemessagetoothersthatdidnotseeit.

Languageisnotcontenttogofromafirstpartytoasecondparty,from

onewhohasseentoonewhohasnot,butnecessarilygoesfromasecond

partytoathirdparty,thissensethat

languageisthetransmissionofthewordasorder-word,notthe

geisamap,notatracing.

Buthowcantheorder-wordbeafunctioncoextensivewithlanguage

whentheorder,thecommand,seemstiedtoarestrictedtypedofexplicit

propositionmarkedbytheimperative?

Austin’sfamousthesesclearlydemonstratethatthevariousextrinsic

relationsbetweenactionandspeechbywhichastatementcandescribean

actioninanindicativemodeorinciteitinanimperativemode,etc.,are

realsointrinsicrelationsbetweenspeechand

certainactionsthatareaccomplishedbysayingthem(theperformative:I

swearbysaying―Iswear‖),andmoregenerallybetweenspeechand

certainactionsthatareaccomplishedinspeaking(theillocutionary:Iask

aquestionbysaying―Is...?‖Imakeapromisebysaying―‖;

Igiveacommandbyusingtheimperative,etc.).Theseactsinternalto

speech,theseimmanentrelationsbetweenstatementsandacts,havebeen

termedimplicitornondiscursivepresuppositions,asopposedtothe

potentiallyexplicitassumptionsbywhichastatementreferstoother

statementsoranexternalaction(Ducrot).Thetheoryoftheperformative

sphere,andthebroadersphereoftheillocutionary,hashadthree

importantandimmediateconsequences:(1)Ithasmadeitimpossibleto

conceiveoflanguageasacode,sinceacodeistheconditionof

lsomadeitimpossibletconceiveof

speechasthecommunicationofinformation:toorder,question,promise,

oraffirmisnottoinformsomeoneaboutacommand,doubt,engagement,

orassertionbuttoeffectuatethesespecific,immanent,andnecessarily

implicitacts.(2)Ithasmadeitimpossibletodefinesemantics,syntactics,

orevenphonematicsasscientificzonesoflanguageindependentof

ticsceasestobea―trashheap,‖pragmatic

determinationsceasetobesubjecttothealternative:falloutsidelanguage,

oranswertoexplicitconditionsthatsyntacticizeandsemanticize

d,pragmaticsbecomesthe

presuppositionbehindalloftheotherdimensionsandinsinuatesitself

intoeverything.(3)Itmakesitimpossibletomaintainthedistinction

betweenlanguageandspeechbecausespeechcannolongerbedefined

simplyastheextrinsicandindividualuseofaprimarysignification,or

heopposite,the

meaningandsyntaxoflanguagecannolongerbedefinedindependently

ofthespeechactstheypresuppose.

Itistruethatitisstilldifficulttoseehowspeechactsorimplicit

presuppositionscanbeconsideredafunctioncoextensivewithlanguage.

Itisallthemoredifficultifonestartswiththeperformative(thatwhich

onedoesbysayingit)andmovesbyextensiontotheillocutionary(that

whichonedoesinspeaking).Foritisalwayspossibletothwartthatmove.

Theperformativecanbewalledinbyexplainingitbyspecificsyntactic

andsemanticcharacteristicsavoidinganyrecoursetoageneralized

ingtoBenveniste,forexample,theperformative

relatesnottoactsbutinsteadtoapropertyofself-referentialityofterms

(thetruepersonalpronouns,,definedasshifters).Bythis

account,apreexistentstructureofsubjectivity,orintersubjectivity,in

language,ratherthanpresupposingspeechacts,isadequatetoaccountfor

istethusdefineslanguageascommunicationalratherthan

informational;thisproperlylinguisticintersubjectivity,orsubjectification,

explainsalltherest,inotherwords,everythingthatisbroughtintobeing

stioniswhethersubjectivecommunicationisany

Ducrothasset

forththereasonsthathaveledhimtoreverseBenveniste’sschema:The

oppositeisthecase;itis―thefactthatcertainstatementsaresocially

devotedtotheaccomplishmentofcertainactions‖thatexplains

formativeitselfisexplainedbytheillocutionary,

eillocutionarythatconstitutesthenondiscursive

illocutionaryisinturnexplainedby

collectiveassemblagesofenunciation,byjuridicalactsorequivalentsof

juridicalacts,which,farfromdependingonsubjectificationproceedings

orassignationsofsubjectsinlanguage,infactdeterminetheirdistribution.

Communicationisnobetteraconceptthaninformation;intersubjectivity

getsusnofurtherthansignificanceinaccountingforthese

―statements-acts‖assemblagesthatineachlanguagedelimittheroleand

rangeofsubjectivemorphemes.(Wewillseethattheanalysisofindirect

discourseconfirmsthispointofviewsinceitshowsthatsubjectifications

arenotprimarybutresultfromacomplexassemblage.)

Wecallorder-words,notaparticularcategoryofexplicitstatements

(forexample,intheimperative),buttherelationofeverywordorevery

statementtoimplictpresuppositions,inotherwords,tospeechactsthat

are,andcanonlybe,-wordsdonot

concerncommandsonly,buteveryactthatislinkedtostatementsbya

―socialobligation.‖Everystatementdisplaysthislink,directlyor

ons,promises,ypossible

definitionoflanguageisthesetofallorder-words,implicit

presuppositions,orspeechactscurrentinalanguageatagivenmoment.

Therelationbetweenthestatementandtheactisinternal,immanent,but

,

order-worditselfistheredundancyoftheactandthestatement.

Newspapers,news,proceedbyredundancy,inthattheytelluswhatwe

―must‖think,retain,expect,geisneitherinformationalnor

tthecommunicationofinformationbut

somethingquitedifferent:thetransmissionoforder-words,eitherfrom

onestatementtoanotherorwithineachstatement,insofaraseach

statementaccomplishesanactandtheactisaccomplishedinthe

tgeneralschemaofinformationsciencepositsin

principleanidealstateofmaximuminformationandmakesredundancy

merelyalimitativeconditionservingtodecreasethistheoretical

sayingthattheredundancyoftheorder-wordisinsteadprimaryandthat

informationisonlytheminimalconditionforthetransmissionof

order-words(whichiswhytheoppositiontobemadeisnotbetween

noiseandinformationbutbetweenalltheindisciplinesatworkin

language,andtheorder-wordasdisciplineor―grammaticality‖).

Redundancyhastwoforms,frequencyandresonance;thefirstconcerns

thesignificanceofinformation,thesecond(I=I)concernsthesubjectivity

mesapparentthatinformationand

communication,andevensignificanceandsubjectification,are

nctionissometimesmadebetween

informationandcommunication;someauthorsenvisionandabstract

significanceofinformationandanabstractsubjectificationof

this,however,yieldsanimplicitorprimary

snosignificanceindependentofdominant

significations,notistheresubjectificationindependentofanestablished

pendonthenatureandtransmissionof

order-wordsinagivensocialfield.

snotevenasubjectof

ativelyfewlinguistshaveanalyzedthenecessarily

blemisthatitisnot

enoughtoestablishthatenunciationhasthissocialcharacter,

sinceitcouldbeextrinsic;thereforetoomuchortoolittleissaid

ialcharacterofenunciationisintrinsically

foundedonlyifonesucceedsindemonstratinghowenunciation

becomesclear

thatthestatementisindividuated,andenunciationsubjectified,

onlytotheextentthatanimpersonalcollectiveassemblage

rthisreasonthat

indirectdiscourse,especially\"free\"indirectdiscourse,isof

exemplaryvalue:therearenoclear,distinctivecontours;what

comesfirstisnotaninsertionofvariouslyindividuated

statements,oraninterlockingofdifferentsubjectsof

enunciation,butacollectiveassemblageresultinginthe

determinationofrelativesubjectificationproceedings,or

assignationsofindividualityandtheirshiftingdistributions

ctdiscourseisnotexplainedbythe

distinctionbetweensubjects;rather,itistheassemblage,asit

freelyappearsinthisdiscourse,thatexplainsallthevoices

presentwithinasinglevoice,theglimmerofgirlsina

monologuebyCharlus,thelanguagesinalanguage,the

ricanmurder\"SonofSam\"

Killedonthepromptingofanancestralvoice,itself

ionofcollective

assemblageofenunciationtakesonprimaryimportancesinceit

odoubt

definethecollectiveassemblageastheredundantcomplexof

thisisstillonlyanominaldefinition;itdoesnotevenenableus

tojustifyourpreviouspositionthatredundancyisirreducibleto

asimpleidentity(orthatthereisnosimpleidentitybetweenthe

statementandtheact).Ifwewishtomovetoarealdefinitionof

thecollectiveassemblage,wemustaskofwhatconsistthese

actsimmanenttolanguagethatareinredundancywith

statementsorconstituteorder-words.

Theseactsseemtobedefinedasthesetofallincorporeal

transformationscurrentinagivensocietyandattributedtothe

aketheword\"body\"inits

broadestsense(thesearementalbodies,.)

Wemust,however,distinguishbetweentheactionsandpassions

affectingthosebodies,andacts,whichareonlynoncorporeal

attributesorthe\"expressed\"crotasks

whatanactconsistsof,heturnspreciselytothejuridical

assemblage,takingtheexampleofthejudge\'ssentencethat

ct,whattakesplace

beforehand(thecrimeofwhichsomeoneisaccused),andwhat

takesplaceafter(thecarryingoutofthepenalty),are

actions-passionsaffectingbodies(thebodyoftheproperty,the

bodyofthevictim,thebodyoftheconvict,thebodyofthe

prison);butthetransformationoftheaccusedintoaconvictisa

pureinstantaneousactorincorporealattributethatisthe

expressedofthejudge\'ndwararestatesor

iterminglingsofverydifferentkindsofbodies,butthe

declarationofageneralmobilizationexpressesaninstantaneous

haveanage,

theymatureandgrowold;butmajority,retirement,anygiven

agecategory,areincorporealtransformationsthatare

immediatelyattributedtobodiesinparticularsocieties.\"Youare

nolongerachild\":thisstatementconcernsanincorporeal

transformation,evenifitappliestobodiesandinsertsitselfinto

orporealtransformationis

recognizablebyitsinstantaneousness,itsimmediacy,bythe

simultaneityofthestatementexpressingthetransformationand

theeffectthetransformationitproduces;thatiswhy

order-wordsarepreciselydated,tothehour,minute,andsecond,

an

interminglingofbodiedthatcanberepresentedbyaheartwith

anarrowthroughit,byaunionofsouls,etc.,butthe

declaration\"Iloveyou\"expressesaincorporealattributeof

bodies,thelover\'bread

anddrinkingwineareinterminglingsofbodies;communing

withChristisalsoaninterminglingofbodies,properlyspiritual

bodiesthatarenoless\"real\"

transformationofthebodyofthebreadandwineintothebody

andbloodofChrististhepureexpressedofastatement

rplanehijacking,thethreatofa

hijackerbrandishingarevolverisobviouslyanaction;soisthe

executionofthehostages,transformationof

thepassengersintohostages,andoftheplane-bodyintoa

prison-body,isaninstantaneousincorporealtransformation,a

\"massmediaact\"inthesenseinwhichtheEnglishspeakof

\"speechacts.\"Theorder-wordsorassemblagesofenunciationin

agivensociety(inshort,theillocutionary)designatethis

instantaneousrelationbetweenstatementsandtheincorporeal

transformationsorincorporealattributestheyexpress.

Theinstantaneousnessoftheorder-word,whichcanbe

projectedtoinfinity,placedattheoriginofsociety,isquite

strange;forRousseau,forexample,thepassagefromthestateof

naturetothesocialstateislikealeapinplace,anincoporeal

storyundoubtedly

recountstheactionsandpassionsofthebodiesthatdevelopina

socialfield;inotherwords,pureactsintercalatedintothat

s

economicsorfinancialanalysisbestdemonstratesthepresence

andinstantaneousnessofthesedecisiveactsinanoverall

process(thatiswhystatementsdefinitelydonotbelongto

ideology,butarealreadyatworkinwhatissupposedlydonot

belongtoideology,butarealreadyatworkinwhatis

supposedlythedomainoftheeconomicbase).Thegalloping

inflationinGermanyafter1918wasacrisisaffectingthe

monetarybody,andmanyotherbodiesbesides:butthesumof

the―circumstance‖suddenlymadepossibleasemiotic

transformationthat,althoughindexedtothebodyoftheearth

andmaterialassets,wasstillapureactorincorporeal

transformation–November20,1923…

Theassemblagesareinconstantvariation,arethemselves

,thecircumstances

mustbetakenintoaccount:Benvenisteclearlydemonstratesthat

aperformativestatementisnothingoutsideofthecircumstances

ycanshout,―Ideclarea

generalmobilization,‖butintheabsenceofaneffectuated

variablegivingthatpersontherighttomakesuchastatementit

isanactofpuerilityorinsanity,

isalsotrueof―Iloveyou,‖whichhasneithermeaningnor

subjectnoraddresseeoutsideofcircumstancesthatnotonly

giveitcredibilitybutmakeitaveritable离骚高中背诵部分朗读 assemblage,apower

marker,eveninthecaseofanunhappylove(itisstillbyawill

topowerthatoneobeys…).Thegeneralterm―circumstance‖

shouldnotleavetheimpressionthatitisaquestiononlyof

externalcircumstances.―Iswear‖isnotthesamewhensaidin

thefamily,atschool,inaloveaffair,inasecretsociety,orin

court:itisnotthesamething,andneitheritisthesame

statement;itisnotthesamebodilysituation,andneitherisitthe

nsformationappliesto

bodiesbutisitselfincorporeal,re

variablesofexpressionthatestablisharelationbetween

languageandtheoutside,butpreciselybecausetheyare

linguisticsconfinesitselfto

constants,whethersyntactical,morphological,orphonological,

ittiesthestatementofasignifierandenunciationtoasubject

andaccordinglybotchestheassemblage;itconsigns

circumstancestotheexterior,closeslanguageinonitself,and

tics,ontheotherhand,does

notsimplyappealtexternalcircumstances:itbringstolight

variablesofexpressionorofenunciationthataresomany

Volosinovo[Bakhtin]says,aslongaslinguisticsextracts

constants,itisincapableofhelpingusunderstandhowasingle

wordcanbeacompleteenunciation;theremustbe―anextra

something‖that―remainsoutsideofthescopeoftheentireset

oflinguisticcategoriesanddefinitions,‖eventhoughitisstill

entirelywithinthepurviewofthetheoryofenunciationor

er-wordispreciselythatvariablethatmakes

tantaneousnessofthe

order-word,itsimmediacy,givesitapowerofvariationin

relationtothebodiestowhichthetransformationisattributed.

suchas

Jean-PierreFaye’sontheconstitutionofNazistatementsinthe

Germansocialfieldisinthisrespectexemplary(andcannotbe

directlytransferredtotheconstitutionofFasciststatementsin

Italy).Transformationresearchofthiskindisconcernedwith

thevariationoftheorder-wordsandincorporealattributeslinked

akeasanother

example,underdifferentconditions,theformationofaproperly

LeninisttypeofstatementinSivietRussir,basingourselvesona

textLeninentitled―OnSlogans‖(1917).Thistextconstitutedan

incorporealtransformationthatextractedfromthemassesa

proletarianclassasanassemblageofenunciationbeforethe

conditionswerepresentfortheproletariattoexistasabody.A

strokeofgeniusfromtheFirstMarxistInternational,which

―invented‖anewtypeofclass:Workersoftheworld,unite!

TakingadvantageofthebreakwiththeSocialDemocrats,Lenin

inventedordecreedyetanotherincorporealtransformationthat

extractedfromtheproletarianclassavanguardasans

assemblageofenunciationandwasattributedtothe―Party,‖a

newtypeofpartyasadistincebody,attheriskoffallingintoa

inistwager,

anactofaudacity?Lenindeclaredthattheslogan(motd’ordre)

―AllpowertotheSoviets‖wasvalidonlyfromthe27thof

Februarytothe4thofJulyforthepeacetimedevelopmentofthe

Revolution,andnolongerheldinthestateofwar;thepassage

frompeacetowarimpliedthistransformation,notjustfromthe

massestoaguidingproletariat,butfromtheproletariattoa

4exactlythepoweroftheSovietscame

heexternalcircumstancescanbeassigned:the

waraswellastheinsurrectionthatforcedLenintofleeto

factremainsthattheincorporealtransformation

wasutteredonthe4thofJuly,priortotheorganizationnofthe

bodytowhichitwouldbeattributed,namely,thePartyitself.

―Everyparticularsloganmustbeduducedfromthetotalityof

thespecificfeaturesofadefinitepoliticalsituation.‖Ifthe

objectionisleveledthatthesespecificfeaturespertaintopolitics

andnotlinguistics,itmustbeobservedhowthoroughlypolitics

workslanguagefromwithin,causingnotonlythevocabulary

butalsothestructureandallofthephrasalelementstovaryas

fstatementcanbeevaluated

onlyasafunctionofitspragmaticimplications,inotherwords,

inrelationtotheimplicitpresuppositions,immanentacts,or

incorporealtransformationsitexpressesandwhichintroduce

tuitionisnotajudgement

ofgrammaticalitybutanevaluationofinternalvariablesof

enunciationinrelationtotheaggregateofthecircumstances.

Wehavegonefromexplicitcommandtoorder-wordsas

implicitpresuppositions;fromorder-wordstotheimmanentacts

orincorporealtransformationstheyexpress;andformthereto

extentthesevariablesenteratagivenmomentintodeterminable

relations,theassemblagescombineinaregimeofsignsora

viousthatasocietyispliedbyseveral

semiotics,er,atalater

timetherewillariseneworder-wordsthatwillmodifythe

e

order-wordisredundancyinseveralways:asafunctionofthe

processoftransmissionessentialtoit,andintransformationit

er-wordisalreadyredundancyevenwhenit

whyevery

statementofacollectiveassemblageofenunciationbelongsto

ctdiscourseisthepresenceofa

reportedstatementwithinthereportingstatement,thepresence

geinitsentiretyis

ctdiscourseinnowaysupposesdirect

discourse;rather,thelatterisextractedfromtheformer,tothe

extentthattheoperationsofsignifianceandproceeedingsof

subjectificationinanassemblagearedistributed,attributed,and

assigned,orthatthevariblesoftheassemblageenterinto

constantrelations,discourseisa

detachedfragmentofamassandisbornofthedismemberment

ofthecollectiveassemblage;butthecollectiveassemblageis

alwayslikethemurmurfromwhichItakemypropername,the

constellationofvoices,concordantornor,fromwhichIdraw

sdependonamolecularassemblageof

enunciationthatisnotgiveninmyconsciousmind,anymore

thanitdependssolelyonmyapparentsocialdeterminations,

whichcombinemanyheterogeneousregimesoftheunconscious

tothelightofday,toselectthewhisperingvoice,togatherthe

tribesandsecretidiomsfromwhichIextractsomethingIcall

mySelf(Moi).ophrenicsaid:―Iheard

voicessay:heisconsciousoflife.‖Inthissense,thereisindeed

aschizophreniccogito,butitisacogitothatmakes

self-consciousnesstheincorporealtransformationofan

order-word,ctdiscourse

isstillthefreeindirectdiscourserunningthroughme,coming

whysomanyartists

ask

whatfacultyisspecifictotheorder-word,wemustindeed

attributetoitsomestrangecharacteristics:akindof

instantaneousnessintheemission,perception,andtransmission

oforder-words;awidevariability,andapowerofforgetting

permittingonetofeelabsolvedoftheorder-wordsonehas

followedandthenabandonedinordertowelcomeothers;a

properlyidealorghostlycapacityfortheapprehensionof

incorporealtransformations;anaptitudeforgraspinglanguage

ultyofthecuerand

thecued,ofthesongthatalwaysholdsatunewithinatune

withinatuneinarelationofredundance;afacultythatisin

truthmediumistic,glossolalic,orxenoglossic.

Letusreturntothequestionofhowthisdefinesalanguage

function,identthat

order-words,collectiveassemblages,orregimesofsignscannot

yeffectuateitsconditionof

possibility(thesuperlinearityofexpression),theyfulfillineach

instancethisconditionofpossibility;withoutthem,language

wouldremainapurevirtuality(thesuperlinearcharacterof

indirectdiscourse).Doubtless,theassemblagesvary,undergo

ydonotnecessarilyvarybylanguage,

age

seemstobedefinedbythesyntactical,semantic,phoological

constantsinitsstatements;thecollectiveassemblage,onthe

contrary,concernstheusageoftheseconstantsinrelationto

variablesinternaltoenunciationitself(variablesofexpression,

immanentacts,orincorporealtransformations).Different

constants,differentlanguages,mayhavethesameusages;the

sameconstantsinagivenlanguagemayhavebdifferentusages,

otcontent

ourselveswithadualitybetweenconstantsaslinguisticfactors

thatareexplicitorpotentiallyexplicit,andvariablesasextrinsic,

pragmaticvariablesofusageare

internaltoenunciationandconstitutetheimplicit

thecollectiveassemblageis

ineachinstancecoextensivewiththelinguisticsystem

considered,andtolanguageasawhole,itisbecauseitexpresses

thesetofincorporealtransformationsthateffectuatethe

conditionofpossibilityoflanguageandutilizetheelementsof

guage-functionthusdefinedis

neitherinformationalnorcommunicational;ithastodoneither

withsignifyinginformationnorwithinttersubjective

suselesstoabstractasignifiance

outsideinformation,orasubjectivityoutsifecommunication.

Forthesubjectificationproceedingsandmovementof

signifiancerelatetoregimesofsigns,orcollectiveassemblages.

Thelanguage-functionisthetransmissionoforder-words,and

order-wordsrelatetoassemblages,justasassemblagesrelateto

theincorporealtransformationsconstitutingthevariablesofthe

sticsisnothingwithoutapragmatics(semioticor

political)todefinetheeffectuationoftheconditionofpossibility

oflanguageandtheusageoflinguisticelemens.

Ⅱ.―ThereisanAbstractMachineofLanguageThatDoes

NotAppealtoAny‘Extrinsic’Factor‖

Ifinasocialfieldwedistinguishthesetofcorporeal

modificationsandthesetofincorporealtransformations,weare

presented,despitethevarietyineachofthesets,withtwo

formalizations,oneofcontent,

contentisnotopposedtoformbuthasitsownformalization:the

hand-toolpole,,however,opposed

第96页至108页

Onceagain,theobjectionwillberaisedthatmusicisnotalanguage,

thatthecomponentsofsoundarenotpertinentfeaturesoflanguage,that

otsuggestingany

askingthattheissuebeleftopen,thatany

peciallyappliestothe

language-speechdistinction,whichisusedtorelegateallkindsof

variablesatworkwithinexpressionandenunciationtoapositionoutside

ce-MusicrelationproposedbyJean-JacquesRousseau,

ontheotherhand,couldhavetakennotonlyphoneticsandprosodybut

ceinmusichasmusichas

alwaysbeenaprivilegedaxisofexperimentation,playingsimultaneously

aslinkedthevoicetoinstrumentsin

variousways;butaslongasthevoiceissong,itsmainroleisto―hold‖

sound,itfunctionsasaconstantcircumscribedonanoteand

enthevoiceistiedtotimbre

doesitrevealatessiturathatrendersitheterogeneoustoitselfandgivesit

apowerofcontinuousvariation:itisthennolongeraccompanied,but

truly―machined,‖itbelongstoamusicalmachinethatprolongsor

superposesonasingleplanepartsthatarespoken,sung,achievedby

specialeffects,instrumental,

thesoundplaneofageneralized―glissando‖implyingtheconstitutionof

astatisticalspaceinwhicheachvariablehas,notanaveragevalue,buta

probabilityoffrequencythatplacesitincontinuousvariationwiththe

othervariables.28LucianoBerio’sVisage(Face)andDieterSchnebel’s

Glossolalie(Speakingintongues)

despitewhatBeriohimselfsays,itislessamatterofusing

pseudoconstantstoproduceasimulacrumoflanguageorametaphorfor

thevoicethanofattainingthatsecretneuterlanguagewithoutconstants

andentirelyinindirectdiscoursewherethesynthesizerandthe

instrumentspeaknolessthanthevoice,andthevoiceplaysnolessthan

ldnotbethoughtthatmusichasforgottenhowto

singinanowmechanicalandatomizedworld;rather,animmense

coefficientofvariationisaffectingandcarryingawayallofthephatic,

aphatic,linguistic,poetic,instrumental,ormusicalpartsofasinglesound

assemblage—―asimplescreamsuffusingalldegrees‖(ThomasMann).

Therearemanyproceduresforplacingthevoiceinvariation,notonly

Sprechgesang(speech-song),whichconstantlyleavespitchbehindby

descentorascent,butalsocircularbreathingtechniquesandzonesof

resonanceinwhichseveralvoicesseemtoissuefromthesamemouth.

Secretlanguagesareverysignificantinthisconnection,inlearnedaswell

nethnomusicologistshavefoundextraordinary

cases(inDahomey,forexample)whereafirst,diatonic,vocalpartis

supersededbyachromaticdescentintoasecretlanguagethatslipsfrom

onesoundtothenextinacontinuousfashion,modulatingasound

continuumintosmallerandsmallerintervalsuntilitbecomesa

―parlando‖alloftheintervalsofwhichblurtogether—andthenthe

diatonicpartisitselftransposedaccordingtothechromaticlevelsofa

terracedarchitecture,thesongsometimesinterruptedbyaparlando,bya

simpleconversationlackingdefinitepitch.29itisperhapscharacteristicof

secretlanguages,slangs,jargons,professionallanguages,nurseryrhymes,

merchants’criestostandoutlessfortheirlexicalinventionsorrhetorical

figuresthanforthewayinwhichtheyeffectcontinuousvariationsofthe

echromaticlanguages,closetoa

tlanguagedoesnotmerelyhaveahiddencipher

orcodestilloperatingbyconstantsandformingasubsystem;itplacesthe

publiclanguage’ssystemofvariablesinastateofvariation.

Thisiswhatwearegettingat:g

elementsofanynatureincontinuousvariationisanoperationthatwill

perhapsgiverisetonewdistinctions,buttakesnoneasfinalandhasnone

ontrary,thisoperationinprinciplebearsonthevoice,

speech,language,snoreasontomake

prior,guages,inthemeantime,arein

immanentcontinuousvariation:neithersynchronynordiachrony,but

asynchrony,chromaticismasavariableandcontinuousstateoflanguage.

Forachromaticlinguisticsaccordingpragmatismitsintensitiesand

values.

Whatiscalledastylecanbethemostnaturalthingintheworld;itis

dualismsestablishedbylinguistics,therearefewwithamoreshaky

foundationthantheseparationbetweenlinguisticsandstylistics:Because

astyleisnotanindividualpsychologicalcreationbutanassemblageof

enunciation,

anarbitrarylistofauthorswearefondof:Kafkaonceagain,Beckett,

GhrasimLuca,benotedthattheyareallmore

orlessinabilingualsituation:Kafka,theCzechoslovakianJewwritingin

German;Beckett,theIrishmanwritinginEnglishandFrench;Luca,

originallyfromRomania;sis

onlycircumstantial,anopportunity,andtheopportunitycanbefound

alsobenotedthatmanyofthemarenotonlyornot

primarilywriters(Bechettandtheaterandtelevision,Godardandfilm

andtelevision,Lucaandhisaudiovisualmachines).Thereasonforthisis

thatwhenonesubmitslinguisticelementstoatreatmentproducing

ccontinuousvariation,whenoneintroducesaninternalpragmaticsinto

language,oneisnecessarilyledtotreatnonlinguisticelementssuchas

gesturesandinstrumentsinthesamefashion,asifthetwoaspectsof

pragmaticsjoinedonthesamelineofvariation,inthesamecontinuum.

Moreover,theideaperhapscomesfirstfromoutside,withlanguage

followingonlylater,aswiththenecessarilyexteriorsourcesofastyle.

Buttheessentialthingisthateachoftheseauthorshashisownprocedure

ofvariation,hisownwidenedchromaticiam,hisownmadproductionof

ativestammeringofGhrasimLuca,inthe

poem―Passionnment‖(Passionately).30Godard’sisanotherkindof

ter:RobertWilson’swhispering,withoutdefinite

pitch,andCarmeloBene’sascendinganddescendingvariations.31It’s

easytostammer,butmakinglanguageitselfstammerisadifferentaffair;

itinvolvesplacingalllinguistic,andevennonlinguistic,elementsin

variation,

formofredundancy,AND…AND…AND…Therehasalwaysbeena

struggleinlanguagebetweentheverbtre(tobe)andtheconjunctionet

(and)betweenestandet(isandand[whichinFrenchareidenticalin

pronunciation-Trans.])Itisonlyinappearancethatthesetwotermsarein

accordandcombine,forthefirstactsinlanguageasaconstantandforms

thediatonicscaleoflanguage,whilethesecondplaceseverythingin

variation,e

totheother,sinBritishorAmericanEnglish

havebeenmoreconsciousthantheFrenchofthisstruggleandthestakes

involved,andofthevalenceofthe―and‖32ItwasProustwhosaidthat

―masterpiecesarewritteninakindofforeignlanguage.‖Thatisthesame

asstammering,makinglanguagestammerratherthanstammeringin

oreigner,butinone’sowntongue,notonlywhen

speakingalanguageotherthanone’lingual,multilingual,

butinoneandthesamelanguage,

abastard,ahalf-breed.,when

whenlanguagebecomesintensive,a

whenalloflanguage

becomessecret,yethasnothingtohide,asopposedtowhenonecarves

ainsthisresultonlyby

sobriety,uousvariationhasonlyasceticlines,

atouchofherbandpurewater.

Itispossibletotakeanylinguisticvariableandplaceitinvariation

followinganecessarilyvirtualcontinuouslinebetweentwoofitsstates.

Wearenolongerinthesituationoflinguistswhoexpecttheconstantsof

languagetoexperienceakindofmutationorundergotheeffectsof

fchangeorcreationare

levremarkedthat

alanguagenecessarilyincludesunexploitedpossibilitiesorpotentialities

andthattheabstractmachinemustincludethesepossibilitiesor

potentialities.33―Potential‖and―virtual‖arenotatallinoppositionto

―real‖;onthecontrary,therealityofthecreative,orthe

placing-in-continuousvariationofvariables,isinoppositiononlytothe

mewedrawaline

ofvariation,thevariablesareofaparticularnature(phonological,

syntacticalorgrammatical,semantic,andsoon),butthelineitselfis

apertinent,asyntacticoragrammatical,aticality,for

example,isnolongeracontingentcharacteristicofspeechopposedtothe

grammaticalityoflanguage;rather,itistheidealcharacteristicofaline

takeNicolasRuwet’sexamplesofcertainsingularexpressionsof

Cummings’s:―hedancedhisdid,‖or―theywenttheircame.‖Itis

possibletoreconstitutethevariationsthroughwhichthegrammatical

variablespassinvirtualityinordertoendupasagrammaticalexpressions

ofthiskind(―hedidhisdance,‖―hedancedhisdance‖―hedancedwhat

hedid,‖…;―theywentastheycame,‖―theywenttheirway,‖…).34In

spiteofRuwet’sstructuralinterpretation,weshouldavoidtakingtheview

thattheatypicalexpressionisproducedbythesuccessivecorrectforms.

Itisinsteadtheatypicalexpressionthatproducestheplacing-in-variation

ofthecorrectforms,

atypicalexpressionconstitutesacuttingedgeofdeterritorializationof

language,itplaystheroleoftensor;inotherwords,itcauseslanguageto

tendtowardthelimitofitselements,forms,ornotions,towardanearside

soreffectsakindoftransitivizationof

thephrase,causingthelasttermtoreactupontheprecedingterm,back

resanintensiveandchromatictreatment

essionofallofthepossibleconjunctionsitplacesin

sor,therefore,isnotreducibleeithertoa

constantoravariable,butassuresthevariationofthevariableby

subtractingineachinstancethevalueoftheconstant(n-1).Tensors

coincidewithnolinguisticcategory;neverthelesstheyarepragmatic

valuesessentialtobothassemblagesofenunciationandindirect

discourse.35

Somebelievethatthesevariationsdonotexpresstheusuallaborof

creationinlanguageandremainmarginal,confinedtopoets,children,

becausetheywishtodefinetheabstractmachineby

constantsthatcanbemodifiedonlysecondarily,byacumulativeeffector

abstractmachineoflanguageisnot

universal,orevengeneral,butsingular;itisnotactual,butvirtual-real;it

has,notinvariableorobligatoryrules,butoptionalrulesthatceaselessly

varywiththatvariationitself,asinagameinwhicheachmovechanges

whyabstractmachinesandassemblesofenunciationare

complementary,tractmachineislike

slinesofcontinuousvariation,

whiletheconcreteassemblagetreatsvariablesandorganizedtheirhighly

emblagenegotiates

variablesatthisorthatlevelofvariation,accordingtothisorthatdegree

ofdeterritorialization,anddetermineswhichvariableswillenterinto

constantrelationsorobeyobligatoryrulesandwhichwillserveinsteadas

ldnotconcludefromthisthatthe

assemblagebringsonlyacertainresistanceorinertiatobearagainstthe

abstractmachine;foreven―constants‖areessentialtothedetermination

ofthevirtualitiesthroughwhichthevariationpasses,theyarethemselves

sindeedbrakingandresistanceatacertain

level,butananotherleveloftheassemblagethereisnothingbuta

come-and-gobetweendifferenttypesofvariables,andcorridorsof

passagetraveledinbothdirections:thevariableseffectuatethemachine

inunison,sthereforenobasisfora

distinctionbetweenaconstantandcollectivelanguage,andvariableand

tractmachineisalwayssingular,

designatedbythepropermaneofagrouporindividual,whilethe

assemblageofenunciationisalwayscollective,intheindividualasinthe

inabstractmachine,andtheBolshevikcollective

assemblage…Thesamegoesforliterature,snoprimacy

oftheindividual;thereisinsteadanindissolubilityofasingularAbstract

tractmachinedoesnotexist

independentlyoftheassemblage,anymorethantheassemblagefunctions

independentlyofthemachine.

Ⅳ.“LanguageCanBeScientificallyStudiedonlyunderthe

ConditionsofaStandardorMajorLanguage”

Sinceeverybodyknowsthatlanguageisaheterogeneous,variablereality,

whatisthemeaningofthelinguists’insistenceoncarvingouta

homoge-variation—for江雪古诗视频 example,theimpactoftoneonphonemes,accent

onmorphemes,renotsecondaryfeatures

butanothertreatmentoflanguagethatnolongeroperatesaccordingtothe

precedingcategories.

―Major‖and―minor‖donotqualifytwodifferentlanguagesbut

ualism,ofcourse,

providesagoodexample,butonceagainweuseitsimplyforthesakeof

ess,intheAustrianempireCzechwasaminor

languageinrelationtoGerman;buttheGermanofPraguealready

functionedasapotentiallyminorlanguageinrelationtotheGermanof

ViennaorBerlin;andKafka,aCzechoslovakianJewwritinginGerman,

submitsGermantocreativetreatmentasaminorlanguage,constructinga

continuumofvariation,negotiatingallofthevariablesbothtoconstrict

theconstantsandtoexpandthevariables:makelanguagestammer,or

makeit―wail‖,stretchtensorsthroughalloflanguage,evenwritten

language,anddrawfromitcriesshouts,pitches,durations,timbres,

accents,joinedtendenciesinso-calledminor

languageshaveoftenbeennoted:animpoverishment,asheddingof

syntacticalandlexicalforms;butsimultaneouslyastrangeproliferation

ofshiftingeffects,pliestothe

GermanofPrague,BlackEnglish,hrare

exceptions,theinterpretationoflinguistshasbeenrathermalevolent,

egedpovertyis

infactarestrictionofconstantsandtheoverloadanextensionof

variationsfunctioningtodeployacontinuumsweepingupallcomponents.

Thepovertyisnotalackbutavoidorellipsisallowingonetosidestepa

constantinsteadoftacklingitheadon,orapproachitfromaboveor

overloadisnota

rhetoricalfigure,ametaphor,orsymbolicstructure;itisamobile

paraphrasebearingwitnesstotheunlocalizedpresenceofanindirect

thsidesweseea

rejectionofreferencepoints,adissolutionofconstantforminfavorof

seralanguagegetstothisstate,thecloser

itcomesnotonlytoasystemofmusicalnotation,butalsotomusic

itself.39

Subtractandplaceinvariation,removeandplaceinvariation:a

anguagesarecharacterizednotbyoverloadand

povertyinrelationtoastandardormajorlanguage,butbyasobrietyand

variationthatarelikeaminortreatmentofthestandardlanguage,a

blemisnotthe

distinctionbetweenmajorandminorlanguage;

isaquestionnotofreterritorializingoneselfonadialectorapatoisbutof

mericansdonotoppose

BlacktoEnglish,theytransformtheAmericanEnglishthatistheirown

anguagesdonotexistinthemselves:

theyexistonlyinrelationtoamajorlanguageandarealsoinvestmentsof

tfindthe

minorlanguage,thedialectorratheridiolect,onthebasisofwhichone

canmakeone’thestrengthofauthors

termed―minor‖,whoareinfactthegreatest,theonlygreats:havingto

conquerone’sownlanguage,inotherwords,toattainthatsobrietyinthe

useofamajorlanguage,inordertoplaceitinastateofcontinuous

variation(theoppositeofregionalism).Itisinone’sownlanguagethat

rthemajorlanguageinorderto

minorlanguage

uthorsareforeignersintheir

arebastards,iftheyexperiencethemselvesas

bastards,itisduenottoamixingorinterminglingoflanguagesbutrather

toasubtractionandvariationoftheirownlanguageachievedby

stretchingtensorsthroughit.

Thenotionofminorityisverycomplexwithmusical,literary,

linguistic,aswellasjuridicalandpolitical,osition

ty

impliesaconstant,ofexpressionorcontent,servingasastandard

upposethattheconstantor

standardistheaverageadult-white-heterosexual-European-male-speaking

astandardlanguage(Joyce’sorEzraPound’sUlysses).Itisobviousthat

―man‖holdsthemajority,evenifheislessnumerousthanmosquitoes,

children,women,blacks,peasants,homosexual,becausehe

appearstwice,onceintheconstantandagaininthevariablefromwhich

tyassumesthestandardmeasure,notthe

rxism―hasalmostalwaystranslated

hegemonyfromthepointofviewofthenationalworker,qualified,male

andoverthirty-five.‖40Adeterminationdifferentfromthatoftheconstant

willthereforebeconsideredminoritarian,bynatureandregardlessof

number,inotherwords,evidentin

alltheoperations,electorialorotherwise,whereyouaregivenachoice,

butontheconditionthatyourchoiceconformtothelimitsoftheconstant

(―youmustn’tchoosetochangesociety…‖).Butatthepoint,everything

majority,insofarasitisanalyticallyincludedinthe

abstractstandard,isneveranybody,one’spotentialbecomingtothe

samajoritarian―fact,‖

butitistheanalyticfactofNobody,asopposedtothe

whywemustdistinguish

between:themajoritarianasaconstantandhomogeneoussystem;

minoritiesassubsystems;andtheminoritarianasapotentialcreativeand

created,blemisnevertoacquirethemajority,evenin

snobecoming-majoritarian;

,

regardlessoftheirnumbers,areaminority,definableasastateorsubset;

buttheycreateonlybymakingpossibleabecomingoverwhichtheydo

nothaveownership,intowhichtheythemselvesmustenter;thisisa

becoming-womanaffectingallofhuman-kind,

samegoesforminorlanguages;theyarenotsimplysublanguages,

idiolectsordialects,butpotentialagentsofthemajorlanguage’sentering

shoulddistinguishbetweenminorlanguages,themajorlanguage,andthe

ties,ofcourse,are

objectivelydefinablestates,statesoflanguage,ethnicity,orsexwiththeir

ownghrttoterritorialities,buttheymustalsobethoughtofasseeds,

crystalsofbecomingwhosevalueistotriggeruncontrollablemovements

whyPasolini

demonstratedthattheessentialthing,preciselyinfreeindirectdiscourse,

istobefoundneitherinlanguageA,norinlanguageB,but―inlanguage

X,whichisnoneotherthanlanguageA,intheactualprocessof

becominglanguageB.‖41thereisauniversalfigureofminoritarian

consciousnessasthebecomingofeverybody,andthatbecomingis

ureto

whichwearereferringiscontinuousvariation,asanamplitudethat

continuallyover-stepstherepresentativethresholdofthemajoritarian

standard,tingthefigureofauniversal

minoritarianconsciousness,oneaddressespowers(puissances)of

becomingthatbelongtoadifferentrealmfromthatofPower(Pouvior)

uousvariationconstitutesthe

becoming-minoritarianofeverybody,asopposedtothemajoritarianFact

ng-minoritarianastheuniversalfigureof

rtainlynotbyusingaminor

languageasadialect,byregionalizingorghettoizing,thatonebecomes

revolutionary;rather,byusinganumberofminorityelements,by

connecting,conjugatingthem,oneinventsaspecific,unforeseen,

autonomousbecoming.42

Themajorandminormodearetwodifferenttreatmentsoflanguage,

oneofwhichconsistsinextractingconstantsfromit,theotherinplacing

er-wordisthevariableofenunciation

thateffectuatestheconditionofpossibilityoflanguageanddefinesthe

usageofitselementsaccordingtooneofthetwotreatments;wemust

thereforereturntoitastheonly―metalanguage‖capableofaccounting

forthisdoubledirection,blem

ofthefunctionsoflanguageisongeneralpoorlyformulatedbecausethis

order-wordvariable,whichsubsumesallpossiblefunctions,is

ingCanetti’ssuggestions,wemaybeginfromthe

followingpragmaticsituation:theorder-wordisadeathsentence;it

alwaysimpliesadeathsentence,evenifithasbeenconsiderablysoftened,

becomingsymbolic,initiatory,temporary,-wordsbring

immediatedeathtothosewhoreceivetheorder,orpotentialdeathifthey

donotobey,oradeaththeymustthemselvesinflict,takeselsewhere.A

father’sorderstohisson,―Youwilldothis,‖―Youwillnotdothat,‖

cannotbeseparatedfromthelittledeathsentencethesonexperienceson

,death;itistheonlyjudgment,anditiswhat

order-wordisalso

somethingelse,inseparablyconnected:itislikeawarningcryora

dbeoversimplifyingtosaythatflightisa

reactionagainsttheorder-word;rather,itisincludedinit,asitsotherface

inacomplexassemblage,iisrighttoinvoke

thelion’sroar,whichenunciatesflightanddeathsimultaneously.43The

phetreceivesorder-wordsjustasmuch

intakingflightasinlongingfordeath:Jewishprophetismfusedthewish

tobedeadandtheflightimpulsewiththedivineorder-word.

Nowifweconsiderthestatement,itclearlymeetsthepreceding

requirements:eventhoughdeathessentiallyconcernsbodies,isattributed

tobodies,itsimmediacy,itsinstantaneousness,lendsittheauthentic

ecedesandfollowsit

maybeanextensivesystemofactionandpassions,aslowlaborofbodies;

initself,itisneitheractionnorpassion,butapureact,apure

transformationthatenunciationfuseswiththestatement,thesentence.

Thatmanisdead…Youarealreadydeadwhenyoureceivethe

order-word…Ineffect,deathiseverywhere,asthatideal,uncrossable

boundaryseparatingbodies,theirforms,andasthecondition,even

initiatory,evensymbolic,throughwhichasubjectmustpassinorderto

thesenseinwhichCanettispeaksof

―enantiomorphosis‖:44aregimethatinvolvesahieraticandimmutable

Masterwhoateverymomentlegislatesbyconstants,prohibitingor

strictlylimitingmetamorphoses,givingfiguresclearandstablecontours,

settingformsinoppositiontwobytwoandrequiringsubjectstobiein

waysbymeansof

somethingincorporealthatabodyseparatesanddistinguishesitselffrom

ure,insofarasitistheextremityofabody,isthe

noncorporealattributethatlimitsandcompletesthatbody:deathisthe

roughdeaththatabodyreachescompletionnotonlyin

timebutinspace,anditisthroughdeaththatitslinesfromoroutlinea

redeadspacesjustastherearedeadtimes.―If

[enantiomorphosisis]practicedoftenthewholeworldshirivels….Social

prohibitionsagainstmetamorphosisareperhapsthemostimportantof

all….Deathitself,thestrictestofallboundaries,iswhatisinterposed

betweenclasses‖prohibitionsagainstmetamorphosisare

perhapsthemostimportantofall….Deathitself,thestrictestofall

boundariesofallboundaries,iswhatisinterposedbetweenclasses.‖Ina

regimeofthiskind,anynewbodyrequirestheerectionofanopposable

form,aswellastheformationofdistinctsubjects;deathisthegeneral

incorporealtransformationattributedtoallbodiesfromthestandpointof

theirformsandsubstances(forexample,thebodyofthePartycannot

comeintoitsownwithoutanoperationofenantiomorphosis,andwithout

theformationofnewactivists,whichassumestheeliminationofthefirst

generation).

Itistruethatwearebringinginconsiderationsofcontentaswellas

natthemomentwhenthetwoplanesaremostdistinct,

astheregimenofbodiesandtheregimeofsignsinanassemblage,they

orporealtransformationis

theexpressedoforder-words,ydo

linguisticvariablesofexpressionenterintorelationsofformalopposition

ordistinctionfavorabletotheextractionofconstants;nonlinguistic

mslevnotes,anexpressionisdivided,

forexample,intophonicunitsinthesamewayacontentisdividedinto

social,zoological,orphysicalunits(―calf‖dividesinto

young-bovine-male).Thenetworkofbinarities,orarborescence,is

s,however,noanalyticresemblance,

correspondence,ir

independencedoesnotprecludeisomorphism,inotherwords,the

virtueofthistypeofrelationsthatlinguisticandnonlinguisticelements

areinseparablefromthestart,despitetheirabsenceofcorrespondence.

Theelementsofcontentgivetheinterminglingsofbodiesclearcontours

atthesametimeastheelementsofexpressiongivethenoncorporeal

lementsareall

abstractordeterritorializedtodifferentdegrees,butineachinstancethey

effectareterritorializationoftheoverallassemblageoncertain

,thesignificanceofthedoctrineof

syntheticjudgmentistohavedemonstratedthatthereisanapriorilink

(isomorphism)betweenSentenceandfigure,formofexpressionandform

ofcontent.

第208页到217页

9.1933:MicropoliticsandSegmentarity

taryisinherenttoallthe

ng,gettingaround,working,playing:lifeis

seissegmentedaccordingtoits

room’sassignedpurposes;streets,accordingtotheorderofthecity;the

factory,accordingtothenatureoftheworkandoperationsperformedin

egmentedinabinaryfashion,followingthegreatmajor

dualistoppositions:socialclasses,butalsomen-women,adults-children,

egmentedinacircularfashion,ineverylargercircles,

everwiderdislikesorcoronas,likeJoyce’s―letter‖:myaffairs,my

neighborhood’saffairs,mycity’s,mycountry’s,theworld’s…Weare

segmentedinalinearfashion,alongastraightlineoranumberofstraight

lines,ofwhicheachsegmentrepresentsanepisodeor―proceeding‖:as

soonaswefinishoneproceedingwebeginsanother,foreverproceeding

orprocedured,inthefamily,inschool,inthearmy,

tellsus,―you’renotathomeanymore‖;thearmytellsus,―you’renotin

schoolanymore‖…Sometimesthevarioussegmentsbelongtodifferent

individualsorgroups,andsometimesthesameindividualorgrouppasses

sefiguresofsegmentarity,the

binary,circular,andlinear,areboundupwithoneanother,evencross

overintoeachother,

alreadyevidentamong―savage‖peoples:Lizotshowshowthecommunal

Houseisorganizedincircularfashion,goingfrominteriortoexteriorina

seriesofcoronaswithinwhichcertaintypesoflocalizableactivitiestake

place(worshipandceremonies,followedbyexchangeofgoods,

followedbyfamilylife,followedbytrashandexcrement);atthetime

―eachofthesecoronasisitselftransversallydivided,eachsegment

devolvesuponaparticularlineageandissubdividedamongdifferent

kinshipgroups.‖Inamoregeneralcontext,Levi-Straussshowsthatthe

dualistorganizationofprimitivepeopleshasacircularform,andalso

takesalinearfromencompassing―anynumberofgroups‖(atleast

three).

Whyreturntotheprimitives,whenitisaquestionofourownlife?

Thefactisthatthenotionofsegmentaritywasconstructedby

ethnologiststoaccountforso-calledprimitivesocieties,whichhaveno

fixed,centralStateapparatusandnoglobalpowermechanismsor

esocieties,thesocialsegments

haveacertainleeway,betweenthetwoextremepolesoffusionand

scission,dependingonthetaskandthesituation;thereisalso

consi要塞的意思 derablecommunicabilitybetweenheterogeneouselements,sothat

onesegmentcanfitwithanotherinanumberofdifferentways;andthey

havealocalconstructionexcludingthepriordeterminationofabase

domain(economic,political,juridical,artistic);theyhaveextrinsicand

situationalproperties,orrelationsirreducibletotheintrinsicpropertiesof

astructure;activityiscontinuous,sosegmentarityisnotgraspedas

somethingseparatefromsegmentation-in-progressoperatingby

outgrowths,detachments,ivesegmentarityis

characterizedbyapolyvocalcodebasedonlineagesandtheirvarying

situationsandrelations,andanitinerantterritorialitybasedonlocal,

ndterritories,clanlineagesandtribal

territorialities,formafabricofrelativelysupplesegmentarity.

However,itseemstousdifficulttomaintainthatStatesocieties,evenour

modernState,ssicaloppositionbetween

ydoesthe

Stateexercisepoweroverthesegmentsitsustainsorpermitstosurvive,

butitpossesses,andimposes,sthe

oppositionsociologistsestablishbetweenthesegmentaryandthecentral

isbiologicaldeepdown:theringedworm,andthecentralnervoussystem.

Butthecentralbrainitselfisaworm,evenmoresegmentedthanthe

others,sno

ernpolitical

systemisaglobalwhole,unifiedandunifying,butissobecauseit

impliesaconstellationofjuxtaposed,imbricated,orderedsubsystems;the

analysisofdesionmakingbringstolightallkindsof

compartmentalizationsandpartialprocessesthatinterconnect,butnot

cracyoperatesbythesegmentary

divisionoflabor(thisappliestotheinternationaldivisionoflaboras

well).Bureaucracyexistsonlyincompartmentalizedofficesand

functionsonlyby―goaldisplacements‖andthecorresponding

―dysfunctions.‖Hierarchyisnotsimplypyramidal;theboss’sofficeisas

t,wecouldsay

thatmodernlifehasnotdoneawaywithsegmentaritybuthasonthe

contrarymadeitexceptionallyrigid.

Insteadofsettingupanoppositionbetweenthesegmentaryandthe

centralized,weshouldmakeadistinctionbetweentwotypesof

segmentarity,one―primitive‖andsupple,theother―modern‖andrigid.

Thisdistinctionreframeseachofthefigurespreviouslydiscussed.

oppositions(men/women,thoseontop/thoseonthebottom,

ect.)areverystronginprimitivesocieties,butseemtobetheresultof

socialbinaritybetweenmenandwomeninagroupappliesrules

accordingtowhichbothsexesmusttaketheirrespectivespousesfrom

differentgroups(whichiswhythereareatleastthreegroups).Thus

Levi-Strausscandemonstratethatdualistorganizationneverstandson

ontrary,itisaparticularityof

modernsocieties,orratherStatesocieties,tobringintotheirown

dualitymachinesthatfunctionassuch,andproceedsimultaneouslyby

biunivocalrelationshipsandsuccessivelybybinarizedchoices.

Classesandsexescomeintwos,andphenomenaoftripartitionresult

fromatranspositionofthedual,already

encounteredthis,notablyinthecaseoftheFacemachine,which

sthat

modernsocietieselevateddualsegmentaritytothelevelofa

stion,therefore,isnotwhetherthe

statusofwomen,orthoseonthebottom,isbetterorworse,butthe

typeoforganizationfromwhichthatstatusresults.

rly,wemaynotethatinprimitivesocietiescircular

segmentaritydoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthecirclesareconcentric,

pleregime,centersalreadyactasso

manyknots,eyes,orblackholes;buttheydonotallresonatetogether,

theydonotfallonthesamepoint,theydonotcovergeinthesame

samultiplicityofanimisteyes,eachofwhichis

assigned,forexample,aparticularanimalspirit(snake-spirit,

woodpecker-spirit,cayman-sprit…).Eachblackholeisoccupiedbya

ess,weseeoperationsofrigidification

andcentralizationtakesshapehereandthere:allofthecentersmust

collectonasinglecircle,man

drawslinesbetweenallthepointsorspirits,outlinesaconstellation,a

thebirthofa

centralizedpowerwithanarborescentsystemtodisciplinethe

,thetreesimultaneously

playstheroleofaprincipleofdichotomyorbinarity,andanaxisof

poweroftheshamanisstillentirelylocalized,strictly

dependentuponaparticularsegment,contigentupondrags,andeach

ecannotbe

saidofmodernsocieties,se,thecentralizedis

notopposedtothesegmentary,

theybecomeconcentric,mentarity

becomesrigid,totheextentthatallcentersresonatein,andallblack

holesfallon,asinglepointofaccumulationthatislikeapoint

eofthefather,

teacher,colonel,boss,enterontoredundancy,referbacktoacenterof

significancethatmovesacrossthevariouscirclesandpassesback

plemiroheadswithanimal

facializationsarereplacedbyamacrofacewhosecenteriseverywhere

renolongerneyesinthesky,or

inbecomings-animaland-vegetable,butacentralcomputingeye

tralStateisconstitutednotbythe

abolitionofcircularsegmentaritybutbyaconcentricityofdistinct

circles,re

alreadyjustasmanypowercentersinprimitivesocieties;or,ifone

prefers,ter,

however,behaveasapparatusesofresonance;theyorganizeresonance,

whereastheformerinhibitit.

y,inthecaseoflinearsegmentarity,wewouldsaythateach

segmentisunderscored,rectified,andhomogenizedinitsownright,

ydoeseachhaveitsownunit

ofmeasure,butthereisanequivalenceandtranslatabilitybetween

traleyehasasitscorrelateaspacethroughwhichit

eGreekcity-stateandCleisthenes’reform,a

homogeneousandisotopicspaceappearsthatovercodesthelineal

segments,atthesametimeasdistinctfocalpoints

Begintoresonateinacenteractingastheircommondenominator?

PaulVirilioshowsthataftertheGreekcity-state,theRomanEmpire

imposesageometricalorlinearreasonofStateincludingageneral

outlineofcampsandfortifications,auniversalartof―makingboundaries

bylines,‖alaying-outofterritories,asubstitutionofspaceforplacesand

territorialities,andatransformationoftheworldintothecity;in怀璧其罪 short,an

ments,onceunderscoredor

overcoded,seemtolosetheirabilitytobud,theyseemtolosetheir

dynamicrelationtosegmentations-in-progress,orintheactofcoming

eexistsaprimitive―geometry‖(a

protogeometry),itisanoperativegeometryinwhichfiguresarenever

separablefromtheaffectationsbefallingthem,thelinesoftheirbecoming,

thesegmentsoftheirsegmentation:thereis―roundness,‖butnocircle,

―alignments,‖butnostraightline,ontrary,Stategeometry,or

rathertheboundbetweentheStateandgeometry,manifestsitselfinthe

primacyofthetheorem-element,whichsubstitutesfixedoridealessences

forsupplemorphologicalformations,propertiesfoeaffects,

ryand

epropertyimpliesa

ydose

eachlinehaveitssegments,butthesegmentsofonelinecorrespondto

thoseofanother;forexample,thewageregimeestablishesa

correspondencebetweenmonetarysegments,productionsegments,and

consumable-goodssegments.

Wemaysummarizetheprincipaldifferencesbetweenrigid

igidmode,binary

segmentaritystandsonitsownandisgovernedbygreatmachinesof

directbinarization,whereasintheothermode,binaritiesresultfrom

―multiplicitiesofndimension.‖Second,circularsegmentaritytendsto

becomeconcentric,inotherwords,causesallofitsfocalpointsto

coincideinasinglecenterthatisinconstantmovementbutremains

invariantthroughitsmovements,andispartofamachineofresonance.

Finally,linearsegmentarityfeedsintoamachineofovercodingthat

constitutesmoregeometricohomogeneousspaceandextractssegments

thataredeterminateastotheirsubstance,form,be

Treeistheknotofarborescenceorprincipleofdichotomy;itistheaxis

ofrotationguaranteeingconcentricity;itisthestructureornetwork

positionbetweenarborifiedandrhizomatic

segmentarityisnotjustmeanttoindicatetwostatesofasingleprocess,

mitivesocietiesoperate

factthedistinction

betweenthesetwoelements,thetribalsystemofterritoriesandtheclan

systemoflineages,,orState,societies,on

theotherhand,havereplacedthedecliningcodeswithaunivocal

overcoding,andthelostterritorieswithaspecificreterritorialization

(whichtakesplaceinanovercodedgeometricalspace).Segmentarityis

alwaystheresultofanabstractmachine,butdifferentabstractmachine

operateintherigidandthesupple.

Itisnotenough,therefore,toopposethecentralizedtothe

tenoughtoopposetwokindsofsegmentarity,one

suppleandprimitive,sindeeda

distinctionbetweenthetwo,buttheyareinseparable,theyoverlap,they

ivesocietieshavenucleiofrigidityorarborification

sely,oursocieties

arestillsuffusedbyasupplefabricwithoutwhichtheirrigidsegments

segmentaritycannotberestrictedtoprimitive

tthevestigeofthesavagewithinusbutaperfectly

contemporaryfunction,ociety,and

everyindividual,arethuspliedbybothsegmentaritysimultaneously:one

molar,aredistinct,itisbecausetheydonot

havethesametermsorthesamerelationsorthesamenatureoreventhe

areinseparable,itisbecausethey

figurationsdiffer,for

example,betweentheprimitivesandus,butthetwosegmentaritiesare

t,everythingispolitical,butevery

arrogatesoftheperceptionorfeelingtype:theirmolarorganization,their

rigidsegmentarity,doesnotprecludetheexistenceofane雨霖铃柳永原文 ntireworldof

unconsciousmicropercepts,unconsciousaffects,finesegmentationsthat

grasporexperiencedifferentthings,aredistributedandoperate

samicropoliticsofperception,affection,conversation,

nsiderthegreatbinaryaggregates,suchasthesexes

orclasses,itisevidentthattheyalsocrossoverintomolecular

assemblagesofadifferentnature,andthatthereisadoublereciprocal

twosexesimplyamultiplicityof

molecularcombinationsbringingintoplaynotonlythemaninthe

womanandthewomanintheman,buttherelationofeachtotheanimal,

theplant,etc.:ialclassesthemselvesimply

―masses‖thatdonothavethesamekindofmovement,distribution,or

tsto

distinguishmassfromclasseffectivelytendtowardthislimit:thenotion

ofmassisamolecularnotionoperatingaccordingtoatypeof

sses

areindeedfashionedfrommasses;sesare

eciprocal

presupposition,however,doesnotprecludeadifferenceinviewpoint,

naturescale,andfunction(understoodinthisway,thenotionofmasshas

entirelydifferentconnotationsthanCanetti’s―crowd‖).

Itisnotsufficienttodefinebureaucracybyarigidsegmentaritywith

compartmentalizationofcontiguousoffices,anofficemanagerineach

segment,andthecorrespondingcentralizationattheendofthehalloron

hesametimethereisawholebureaucratic

segmentation,asupplenessofandcommunicationbetweenoffices,a

bureaucraticperversion,apermanentinventivenessorcreativitypracticed

aisthegreatesttheoristof

bureaucracy,itisbecauseheshowshow,atacertainlevel(butwhichone?

Itisnotlocalizable),thebarriersbetweenofficesceasetobe―adefinite

dividingline‖andareimmersedinamolecularmedium(milieu)that

dissolvesthemandsimultaneouslymakestheofficemanagerproliferate

intomicrofiguresimpossibletorecognizeoridentify,discernibleonly

whentheyarecentralizable:anotherregime,coexistentwiththe

devensaythat

fascismimpliesamolecularregimethatisdistinctbothfrommolar

ess,fascisminventedthe

conceptofthetotalitarianState,butthereisnoreasontodefinefascism

byaconceptofitsowndevising:therearetotalitarianStates,ofthe

Stalinistormilitarydictatorshiptype,ceptof

thetotalitarianStateappliesonlyatthemacropoliticallevel,toarigid

fascismisinseparablefromaproliferationofmolecularfocusesin

interaction,whichskipfrompointtopoint,beforebeginningtoresonate

ascismandcityor

neighborhoodfascism,youthfascismandwarveteran’sfascism,fascism

oftheLeftandfascismoftheRight,fascismofthecouple,family,school,

andoffice:everyfascismisdefinedbyamicro-blackholethatstandson

itsownandcommunicateswithothers,beforeresonatinginagreat,

sfascismwhenawarmachineis

installedineachhole,tertheNationalSocialist

Statehadbeenestablished,microfascismspersistedthatgaveitunequaled

abilitytoactuponthe―masses.‖DanielGueriniscorrecttosaythatif

Hitlertookpower,ratherthentakingovertheGermanState

administration,itwasbecausefromthebeginninghehadathisdisposal

microorganazationsgivinghim―anunequaled,irreplaceableabilityto

penetrateeverycellofsociety,‖inotherwords,amolecularandsupple

segmentarity,sely,if

capitalismcametoconsiderthefascistexperienceascatastrophic,ifit

preferredtoallyitselfwithStalinisttotalitarianism,whichfromitspoint

ofviewwasmuchmoresensibleandmanageable,itwasbecausethe

segmentarilyandcentralizationofthelatterwasmoreclassicalandless

kesfascismdangerousisitsmolecularormicropolitical

power,foritisamassmovement:acancerousbodyratherthana

anfilmhasoftendepictedthesemolecular

focalpoints;band,gang,sect,family,town,neighborhood,vehicle

crofascismprovidesananswertothe

globalquestion:Whydoesdesireitsownrepression,howcanitdesireits

ownrepression?Themassescertainlydonotpassivelysubmittopower;

nordothey―want‖toberepressed,inakindofmasochistichysteria;nor

isneverseparablefrom

complexassemblagesthatnecessarilytieintomolecularlevels,from

microformationsalreadyshapingpostures,attitudes,perceptions,

expectations,semioticsystem,isneveranundifferentiated

instinctualenergy,butitselfresultsfromahighlydeveloped,engineered

setuprichininterations:awholesupplesegmentarythatprocesses

molecularenergiesandpotentiallygivesdesireafascismdetermination.

o

easytobeantifascistonthemolarlevel,notonevenseethefascistinside

you,thefascistyouyourselfsustainandnourishandcherishwith

moleculesbothpersonalandcollective.

Fourerrorsconcerningthismolecularandsupplesegmentarityareto

stisaxiologicalandconsistsinbelievingthatalittle

supplenessisenoughtomakethings―better‖.Butmicrofascismsarewhat

makefascismsodangerous,andfinesegmentationsareasharmfulasthe

ondispsychological,asifthemolecular

wereintherealmoftheimaginationandappliedonlytotheindividual

reisjustasmuchsocial-Realononelineas

,thetwoformsarenotsimplydistinguishedbysize,

asasmallformandalargeform;althoughitistruethatthemolecular

worksindetailandoperatesinsmallgroups,thisdoesnotmeanthatitis

anylesscoextensivewithdifferencebetweentheentiresocialfieldthan

y,thequalitativedifferencebetweenthetwo

linesdoesnotprecludetheirboostingorcuttingintoeachother;thereis

alwaysaproportionalrelationbetweenthetwo,directlyorinversely

proportional.

Inthefirstcase,thestrongerthemolaror山阴有一道士如相见 ganizationis,themoreit

inducesamolecularizationofitsownelements,relations,andelementary

emachinebecomesplanetaryorcosmic,thereisan

increasingtendencyforassemblagestominiaturize,tobecome

ingAndreGorz’sformula,theonlyremaining

elementofworkleftunderworldcapitalismisthemolecular,or

molecularized,individual,inotherwords,the―mass‖

administrationofagreatorganizedmolarsecurityhasasitscorrelatea

wholemicro-managementofprettyfears,apermanentmolecular

insecurity,tothepointthatthemottoofdomesticpolicymakersmightbe:

amacropoliticsofsocietybyandforamicropoliticsofinsecurity.

However,thesecondcaseisevenmoreimportant:molecularmovements

donotcomplementbutratherthwartandbreakthroughthegreat

whatFrenchPresidentValeryGiscard

d’Estaingwassayinginhismilitaryandpoliticalgeographylesson:the

morebalancedthingsarebetweenEastandWest,inanovercodingand

overarmeddualistmachine,themore―destabilized‖theybecomealong

theother,North-South,salwaysaPalestinianorBasqueor

Corsicantobringabouta―regionaldestabilizationofsecurity‖.Thetwo

greatmolaraggregatesoftheEastandWestareperpetuallybeing

underminedbyamolecularsegmentationcausingazigzagcrack,making

ifalineof

flight,perhapsonlyatinytrickletobeginwith,leakedbetweenthe

segments,escapingtheircentralization,

profoundmovementsstirringinasocietypresentthemselvesinthis

fashion,eveniftheyarenecessarily―represented‖asaconfrontation

onglysaid(inMarxisminparticular)

trueonlyonthe

eviewpointofmicropolitics,asocietyis

definedbyitslinesofflight,salways

somethingthatflowsorflees,thatescapesthebinaryorganizations,the

resonanceapparatus,andtheovercodingmachine:thingsthatare

attributedtoa―changeinvalues‖,theyouth,women,themad,

1986inFrancewasmolecular,makingwhatleduptoitallthemore

ensthatpeople

whoareverylimitedinoutlookorareveryoldgrasptheeventbetterthan

themostadvancedpoliticianswhoconsiderthemselvesadvancedfrom

ielTardesaid,whatoneneedsto

knowiswhichpeasants,inwhichareasofthesouthofFrance,stopped

ld,outdatedlandownercaninthis

hesamewithMay’68:

thosewhoevaluatedthingsinmacropoliticaltermsunderstoodnothingof

iticians,

theparties,theunions,manyleftists,wereutterlyvexed;theykept

repeatingoverandoveragainthat―conditions‖s

thoughtheyhadbeentemporarilydeprivedoftheentiredualismmachine

ely,deGaulle,andeven

Pompidou,ularflowwas

escaping,minusculeatfirst,thenswelling,withouthowever,ceasingto

erse,however,isalsotrue:molecularescapes

andmovementswouldbenothingiftheydidnotreturntothemolar

organizationstoreshuffletheirsegments,theirbinarydistributionsof

sexes,classes,andparties.

Theissueisthatthemolarandthemoleculararedistinguishednotby

size,scaleordimensionbutbythenatureofthesystemofreference

s,then,thewords―line‖and―segment‖shouldbe

reservedformolarorganization,andother,moresuitable,wordsshould

act,wheneverwecan

identifyawell-definedsegmentedline,wenoticethatitcontinuesin

anotherform,veryinstance,wecanlocatea

―powercenter‖attheborderbetweenthetwo,definednotbyanabsolute

exerciseofpowerwithinitsdomainbutbytherelativeadaptationsand

onetary

egmentscanbedefinedfromseveralpoints

ofview,forexample,fromtheviewpointofacorporatebudget(real

wages,netprofit,managementsalaries,interestonassets,reserves,

investments,etc.).Nowthislineofpayment-moneyislinkedtoanother

aspect,namely,theflowoffinancing-money,whichhas,notsegments,

butratherpoles,singularities,andquanta(thepolesoftheflowarethe

creationofmoneyanditsdestruction;thesingularitiesarenominalliquid

assets;thequantaareinflation,deflation,stagflation,etc.).Thishasled

sometospeakofa―mutant,convulsive,creativeandcirculatoryflow‖

triedtodesireandalwayssubjacenttothesolidlineanditssegments

anceof

payment,weagainencounterabinarysegmentaritythatdistinguishes,for

example,so-calledautonomousoperationsfromso-calledcompensatory

ementsofcapitaldonotallowthemselvestobe

segmentedinthisway;becausetheyare―themostthoroughlybroken

down,accordingtotheirnature,duration,andthepersonalityofthe

creditorordebtor,‖one―nolongerhasanyideawheretodrawtheline

whendealingwiththeseflows.‖Yetthereisalwaysacorrelationbetween

thetwoaspectssincelinearizationandsegmentationarewhereflowsrun

dry,talk

aboutbankingpower,concentratedmostnotablyinthecentralbanks,itis

indeedaquestionoftherelativepowertoregulate―asmuchas‖possible

thecommunication,conversion,andcoadaptationofthetwopartsofthe

whypowercentersaredefinedmuchmorebywhat

t,

themolecular,ormicroeconomics,micropolitics,isdefinednotbythe

smallnessofitselementsbutbythenatureofits―mass‖–thequantum

kofmakingthe

segmentscorrespondtothequanta,ofadjustingthesegmentstothe

quanta,implieshit-and-misschangesinrhythmandmoderatherthan

omnipotence:andsomethingalwaysescapes.

第224页至227页

Whatiscenterorfocalpointofpower?Answeringthisquestion

kofthepowerofthe

army,Church,andschool,ofpublicandprivatepower…Powercdntes

larsegmenthasoneormore

tbeobjectedthatthesegmentsthemselvespresupposea

powercenter,aswhatdistinguishesandunitesthem,setsthemin

reisnocontradiction

nd

hand,themostrigidofsegmentaritiesdoesnotprecludecentralization:

thisisbecausethecommoncentralpointisnotwherealltheotherpoints

melttogether,butinsteadactsasapointofresonanceonthehorizon,

teisnotapointtakingalltheothers

uponitself,entheStateis

totalitarian,itsfunctionasresonatorfordistinctcentersandsegments

remainsunchanged:theonlydifferenceisthatittakesplaceunder

closed-vesselconditionsthatincreaseitsinternalreach,orcouples

―resonance‖witha―forcedmovement.‖Ontheotherhand,and

conversely,thestrictestofcentralizationsdoesnoteradicatethe

distinctivenessofthecenters,segments,eovercoding

lineisdrawn,itassurestheprevalenceofonesegment,assuch,overthe

other(inthecaseofbinarysegmentarity),givesacertaincenterapower

ofrelativeresonanceovertheothers(inthecaseofcircularsegmentarity),

andunderscoresthedominantsegmentthroughwhichititselfpasses(in

thecaseoflinearsegmentarity).Thuscentralizationisalwayshierarchical,

buthierarchyisalwayssegmentary.

Eachpowercenterisalsomolecularandexercisesitspowerona

micrologicalfabricinwhichitesxistsonlyasdiffuse,dispersed,geared

down,miniaturized,perpetuallydisplaced,actingbyfinesegementation,

lt’sanalysisof

―disciplines‖ormicropowers(school,army,factory,hospital,etc.)

testifiestothese―focusesofinstability‖wheregroupingsand

accumulationsconfronteachother,butalsoconfrontbreakawaysand

escapes,haveisnolongerThe

Schoolmasterbutthemonitor,thebeststudent,theclassdunce,thejanitor,

erthegeneral,butthejuniorofficers,thenoncommissioned

officers,thesoldierinsideme,andalsothemaicontent:allhavetheirown

tendencies,poles,conflicts,ewarrant

officerandjanitorareonlyinvokedforexplanatorypurposes;forthey

haveamolarsideandamolecularside,andmakeusrealizethatthe

dnotsay

thatthepropernamelosesitspowerwhenitentersthesezonesof

indiscernibility,like

Kafka,whatwehaveisnolongerthepublicofficialKlamm,butmaybe

hissecretaryMomus,orothermolecularKlammsthedifferencesbteween

which,andwithKlamm,areallthegreaterfornolongerbeingassignable.

(―[Theofficials]don’talwayssticktothesamebook,yetitisn’tthe

bookstheychange,buttheirplaces,and[they]havetosqueezepastone

anotherwhentheychangeplacews,becausethere’ssolittleroom.‖―This

officialisrarelyverylikeKlamm,andifheweresittinginhisownoffice

athisowndeskwithhisnameonthedoorIwouldhavenomoredoubtat

all,‖saysBarnabas,whosedreamwouldbeauniquelymolar

segmentarity,nomatterhowrigidandhorrendous,astheonlyguarantee

annotbutnoticethatthemolar

segmentsarenecessarilyimmersedinthemolecularsoupthatnourishes

themandmakestheiroutlineswaver.)andeverypowercenterhasthis

rotextures—notmasochism—arewhatexplain

howtheoppressedcantakeanactiveroleinoppression:theworkersof

therichnationsactivelyparticipateintheexploitationoftheThirdWorld,

thearmingofdictatorships,andthepollutionoftheatmosphere.

Thisisnotsurprisingsincethetextureliesbetweenthelineof

continuallyswingsbetweenthetwo,nowchannelingthequantumline

backintothesegmentedline,nowcausingflowsandquantatoescape

thethirdaspectofpowercenters,ortheir

onlypurposethesecentershaveistotranslateasbestthey

thethirdaspectofpowercenters,or

onlypurposethesecentershaveistotranslateasbest

theycanflowquantaintolinesegments(onlysegmentsaretotalizable,in

onewayoranother).Butthisisboththeprincipleoftheirpowerandthe

mbeingopposites,powerandimpotence

complementandreinforceeachotherinakindoffascinatingsatisfaction

thatisfoundaboveallinthemostmediocreStatesmen,anddefinestheir

―glory.‖Fortheyextractgloryfromtheirshortsightedness,anddefines

their―glory.‖Fortheyextractgloryfromtheirshortsightedness,and

powerfromtheirimpotence,becauseitconfirmsthatthereisnochoice.

Theonly―great‖Statesmenarethosewhoconnectwithflows,like

pilot-signsorparticles-signs,andwhoemitquantathatgetoutofthe

blackholes:itisnotbychancethatthesemenencountereachotheronly

onlinesofflight,intheactofdrawingthem,soundingthemout,

followingthem,orforgingaheadofthem,eventhoughtheymaymakea

mistakeandtakeafall(MosestheHebrew,GenserictheVandal,Genghis

theMongol,MaotheChinese…).ButthereisnoPowerregulatingthe

ominatesthegrowthofthe―monetarymass,‖

ageofthemasteroranideaoftheStateis

projectedoutwardtothelimitsoftheuniverse,asifsomethinghad

dominationoverflowsaswellsegments,andinthesamemanner,the

ckexchange

givesabetterimageofflowsandtheirquantathandoestheState.

Capitalistsmaybethemastersofsurplusvalueanditsdistribution,but

,

powercentersfunctionatthepointswhereflowsareconvertedinto

segments:theyareexchangers,converters,tthe

seen,onthecontrary,thatsegments(classes,forexample)formatthe

conjunctionofmassesanddeterritorializedflowsandthatthemost

deterritorializedflowdeterminesthedominantsegment;thusthedollar

segmentdominatescurrency,thebourgeoisiedominatescapitalism,etc.

Segments,then,

whatpowercentersgovernaretheassemblagesthateffectuatethat

abstractmachine,inotherwords,thatcontinuallyadaptvariationsinmass

andflowtothesegmentsoftherigidline,asafunctionofadominant

rverseinvertioncanenterinto

theadaptations.

Thisisthesenseinwhichwewouldspeak,forexample,ofbanking

power(theWorldBank,centralbanks,creditbanks):iftheflowof

financing-money,orcreditmoney,involvesthemassofeconomic

transactions,whatbanksgovernistheconversionofthecreditmoneythat

hasbeencreatedintosegmentarypayment-moneythatisappropriated,in

otherwords,coinageorStatemoneyforthepurchaseofgoodsthatare

themselvessegmented(theimportanceoftheinterestratinthisrespect).

Whatbanksgovernistheconversionbetweenthetwokindsofmoney,

andtheconversionofthesegmentsofthesecondkindintoanygiven

entral

powerhasthreeaspectsorzones:(1)itszoneofpower,relatingtothe

segmentsofasolidrigidline;(2)itszoneofindiscernibility,relatingto

itsdiffusionthroughoutamicrophysicalfabric;(3)itszoneofimpotence,

relatingtotheflowsandquantaitcanonlyconvertwithoutbeingableto

waysfromthedepthsofitsimpotencethateach

powercenterdrawsitspower,hencetheirextrememaliciousness,and

tobeatinyquantumflowthanamolarconverter,oscillator,

ordistributor!Returningtotheexampleofmoney,thefirstzoneis

representedbythepubliccentralbanks;thesecondbythe―indefinite

seriesofprivaterelationsbetweenbanksandborrowers‖;thethirdbythe

desiringflowofmoney,whosequantaaredefinedbythemassof

uethatthesameproblemsarereformulated

attheleveloftheseverytransactions,inrelationtootherpowercenters.

ButthefirstzoneofthepowercenterisalwaysdefinedbytheState

apparatus,whichistheassemblagethateffectuatestheabstractmachine

ofmolarovercoding;thesecondisdefinedinthemolecularfabric

immersingthisassemblage;thethirdbytheabstractmachineofmutation,

flows,andquanta.