热价的英文译语怎么说

市场饱和的英文和翻译和英语怎么说-实习医生格蕾剧情

2023年4月19日发(作者：帽子英文翻译)

英文翻译1
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

Distillation
蒸馏

Separation operations achieve their objective by the creation of two or
more coexisting zones which differ in temperaturepressure,
compositionandor phase stateEach molecular species in the mixture
to be separated reacts in a unique way to differing environments offered by
these zonesConsequentlyas the system moves toward
equilibriumeach establishes a different concentration in each zoneand
this results in a separation between the species 分离过程通过形
成在温度、压力、组成和相态上有区别的两个或多个共存区来达到它
的目的。每一种待分离的在混合物中的分子种类以一种独特的17方式
与这些区域提供的不同的环境相互作用。结果是随着系统向平衡移动
每个物质都在每个区域形成不同的浓度这样就可以使这些物质的
到17分离。

The separation operation called distillation utilizes vapor and liquid
phases at essentially the same temperature and pressure for the coexisting
zonesVarious kinds of device such as dumped or ordered packings and
plates or trays are used to bring the two phases into intimate
contactTrays are stacked one above the other and enclosed in a
cylindrical shell to form a columnPackings are also generally contained in
a cylindrical shell between hold-down and support plates 利用在共有
区中拥有相同温度和压力的汽油和液相的分离操作叫做分离。不同种
类的装置例如规整填料和乱堆整料和塔板或塔盘被用来使两相充分接
触。塔盘是一个堆着一个排列的并且被装入到一个圆柱形的外壳中形
成一个塔。填料通常也被装入一个在压具板和支撑板之间的圆柱形外
壳中。

1 Continuous Distillation

The feed materialwhich is to be separated into fractionsis
introduced at one or more points along me column shellBecause of the
difference in gravity between vapor and liquid phases, liquid runs down me
columncascading from tray to traywhile vapor floats up the
columncontacting liquid at each tray.
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1、连续蒸馏将要被分离成馏分的进料通过一个或多个沿着管壳的
点被引入到塔中。由于气相和液相之间重力的不同液体在塔中从一
个塔盘到另一个塔盘呈阶梯形向下流动。同时气体在塔中向上流动
并与液相在每个塔盘接触。

Liquid reaching the bottom of the column is partially vaporized in a
heatedreboiler to provide boil-upwhich is sent back up the
columnThe remainder of the bottom liquid is withdrawn as bottomsor
bottom productVapor reaching the top of the column is cooled and
condensed to liquid in the overhead condensePart of this liquid is
returned to the column as reflux to provide liquid overflow. The remainder
of the overhead stream is withdrawn as distillate, or overhead product.
液体到达塔底被一个加热的再沸器部分汽化来提供蒸汽。蒸汽重新
返回塔中。塔底的残余物作为釜液或塔底产品被取出。达到塔底的气
相在塔底冷凝器中被冷却并冷凝成液体。部分被冷凝的液体回流到塔
中从而提供液体溢流。塔顶馏分的剩余物作为馏分或塔顶产品被取
出。
This overall flow pattern in a distillation column provides countercurrent
contacting of vapor and liquid stream on all the trays through the
columnVapor and liquid phases on a given tray approach
thermalpressureand composition equilibriums to an extent dependent
the efficiency of the contacting tray 在蒸馏塔中的整个流动模式为
气相和液相提供了一个在每一个塔盘逆流接触的机会。气相和液相在
特定的塔盘上达到热量压力以及组成的平衡这在一定程度上取决
于接触的塔板的效率。
The lighter(lower-boiling)components tend to concentrate in the vapor
phase, while the heavier(higher-boiling)components tend toward the liquid
phaseThe result is vapor phase that becomesricher in light
components as it passes up the column and a liquid phase that becomes
richer in heavy components as it cascades downward. The overall
separation achieved between the distillate and the bottoms depends
primarily on therelative volatilities of the components, the number of
contacting trays, and the ratio of the liquid—phase flow rate to the vapor-
phase flow rate.
低沸点的轻组分倾向于气相中富集而同时高沸点的重组分倾向于
在液相中富集。这个结果是当它沿着塔向上移动的时候气相变得富含
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轻组分而当液体沿着塔积极向下移动的时候液相变得富含重组
分。要在塔顶产品和釜液之间达到整个分离主要依赖于组分的相对挥
发度接触塔盘的数目和液相和气相流动的比例。
If the feed is introduced at one point along the column shell the column
is divided into an upper sectionwhich is often called the rectifying section,
and a lower sectionwhich is often referred to as the stripping section.
These terms become rather indefinite in multiple-feed columns and
columns from which a product sidestream is withdrawn somewhere along
the column length in addition to the two end-product streams.
如果进料从塔壳的某一个点引入这个塔被分成一个向上部分这
个部分通常叫做精馏段还有一个向下的部分这个部分叫做提馏
段。这些术语在多口进料塔中变得相当不确定。侧线产品沿着塔的某
个地方被取中的塔会有两个最终产品馏分。
Equilibrium-Stage Concept
Energy and mass—transfer processes in an actual distillation column are
much too complicated to be readily modeled in any direct wayThis
difficulty is circumvented by the equilibrium—stage modelin which vapor
and liquid streams leaving an equilibrium stage are in complete equilibrium
with each other and thermodynamic relations can be used to determine
the temperature of and relate the concentrations in the equilibrium
streams at a given pressure. A hypothetical column composed of
equilibrium stages (instead of actual contact trays)is designed to
accomplish the separation specified for the actual columnThe number of
hypothetical equilibrium stages required IS then converted to a number of
actual trays by means of tray efficiencieswhich describe the extent to
which the performance of an actual contact tray duplicates the
performance of an equilibrium stage
平衡级的概念实际的蒸馏塔中的能量以及质量传递过程太复杂以至
于不能从一种方式直接做成模型。这个难题可以通过平衡级模型避
免。在平衡级模式中气相和液相达到一个完全的平衡并且热力学关
系可以被用于测量温度以及相关的浓度在某个特定压力下的平衡流
中。由平衡级组成的一个特定的塔。代替了实际过程中的接触塔盘
被设计用来完成实际塔的特定的分离。需要的假想得平衡级的数目
通过塔盘效率的方法转化成一个实际塔盘的数目。塔盘效率描述了实
际的接触塔盘的行为复制平衡级行为的程度。
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Use of the equilibrium-stage concept separates the design of a
distillation column into three major steps(i)Thermodynamic data and
methods needed to predict equilibrium—phase compositions are
assembled(ii)The number of equilibrium stages required to accomplish a
specified separationor the separation that will be accomplished in a
given number of equilibrium stagesis calculated(iii)The number of
equilibrium stages is converted to an equivalent number of actual contact
trays or height of packingand the column diameter is determined
平衡级概念的使用将蒸馏塔的设计分为三个主要的步骤①热力
学数据和方法被收集用来预测相平衡组分的。②需要完成一个指定
的分离或者在一个给定平衡级数目的情况下平衡级的数目需要被计
算。③平衡级的数被转化为等价的实际接触塔盘的数目或填料的高
度。而且塔径被决定。
All separation operations require energy input in the form of heat or
work. In the conventional distillation operationenergy required to
separate the species is added in the form of hear to the reboiler at the
bottom of the columnwhere the temperature is highestAlso, heat is
removed from a condenser at the top of the column, where the
temperature is lowest. This frequently results in a large energy-input
requirement and low overall thermodynamic efficiency. With recent
dramatic increases in energy costs, complex distillation operations that
offer higher thermodynamic efficiency and lower energy-input
requirements are being explored.
所有的分离操作需要以热量或者做功的形式的能量的输入。在传统的
蒸馏操作中
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用来分离物质的能量被以热量与形式注入到塔底的再沸器中
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塔底的温度用最高的。热量从塔顶的冷凝器中被移走了
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在那里温度是最低的
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这就导致了大量的能量的输入以及低的热力学效率。随着最高近能耗
上的显着增加
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能够有更高的热力学效率以及较低能量输入的复杂的蒸馏技术正在被
开发。
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用来分离物质的能量被以热量与形式注入到塔底的再沸器中
11

塔底的温度用最高的。热量从塔顶的冷凝器中被移走了
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在那里温度是最低的
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这就导致了大量的能量的输入以及低的热力学效率。随着最高近能耗
上的显着增加
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能够有更高的热力学效率以及较低能量输入的复杂的蒸馏技术正
在被开发。用来分离物质的能量被以热量与形式注入到塔底的再
沸器中塔底的温度用最高的。热量从塔顶的冷凝器中被移走了
在那里温度是最低的这就导致了大量的能量的输入以及低的热力
学效率。随着最高近能耗上的显著增加能够有更高的热力学效率
以及较低能量输入的复杂的蒸馏技术正在被开发。
Related Separation Operations The simple and complex distillation游侠列传读后感
operations just described all have two things in common :(i) both
rectifying and stripping sections are provided so that a separation can be
achieved between two components that are adjacent in volatility; and (ii)
the separating agent (MSA) such as in liquid-liquid extraction.
Sometimes, alternative single- or multiple-stage vapor-liquid separation
operations, of the types shown in Fig. 3-2, may be more suitable than
distillation for t带数字的诗句 he specified task.
相关的分离操作工作我们刚刚描述的简单的和复杂的蒸馏操作
都有两个共生男埋没随百草同点。①被提供的精馏段和提馏段都可以使挥发度相近
的两个组分被分离。②分离仅仅被能量的输入输出影响不被加入
任何的质量分离剂所影响例如液液萃取。一些时候可选择的单
级或者多级气液分离操作像在图3-2展示的类型也许比指定任务的
蒸馏更适合。
Distillation
Batch distillation, which is the process of separating a specific
quantity (the charge) of a liquid mixture into products, is used
extensively in small production units that may have to serve for many
mixtures. When 鸳鸯的拼音 there are N components in the feed, one batch column
will suffice where N-1 simple continuous-distillation columns would be
required
间歇蒸馏.就是将一个特定量的液油混和物分离成产品,把它们广
泛的用于实验室,还用于有许多类型混和物的产量少的生产单元.当进
料有N种组分时,一个间歇蒸馏塔就可以满足,而却有N-1个连续蒸馏
塔被需要.
Many larger installations also feature a batch stillMaterial to be
separated may be high in solids contentor it might contain tars or
resins that would plug or foul a continuous unitUse of a batch unit can
keep solids separated and permit convenient removal at the termination
of the process
许多大型设备也以间歇蒸馏塔为特点.待分离的物质可能固体含量
高,或者有可能含有焦油或树脂,这些东西会阻塞或弄脏连续蒸馏.使
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用间歇蒸馏可以使固体.物质分离,并且在反应终止时能够更方便的转
移.
Simple Batch Distillation The simplest form of batch still consists of a
heated vessel(pot or boiler), a condenser ,and 50部巅峰完结修仙小说 one or more receiving
tanks. No trays or packing are provided. Feed is charged into the vessel
and brought to boiling. Vapors are condensed and collected in a receiver.
No reflux is returned. The rate of vaporization is sometimes controlled
prevent ―bumping‖ the charge and to avoid overloading the condenser,
but other controls are minimal. This processed further, or for similar
noncritical separations.
简单阿的歇蒸馏操作.最简单的间歇蒸馏塔仅由一个加热反应器,,
冷却器,一个或多个回收罐.不存在塔盘和填料.进料被装入一个釜并
把它加热到沸腾.气相被冷却然后被收集到一个接收器中,没有回流.
有些时候气化的速度会被控制来阻止进料暴沸并且要避免冷却器超
载,但是其他的控制都是渺小的.这个过程常常被认为是瑞利蒸馏.
The simple batch still provides only one theoretical plate of
separation. Its use is usually restricted to preliminary work in which
products will be held for additional at a later time, when most of the
volatile component must be removed from the batch before it is
processed further, or for similar noncritical separations.
简单的间歇蒸馏仅为分离提供了一个理论的塔板.它的使用常被
工程商限于初步的工作,产品被阻止,稍后用来额外的分离,在进行进
一步反应之前绝大多数挥发性的物质必须被移除.或者是相似的非恒
界分离.
Batch Distillation with Rectification To obtain products with a
narrow composition range, some means of splitting off a portion 0f the
condensed vapor(distillate)as refluxand one or more receivers.
Temperature of the distillate is controlled in order to return the reflux at
or near the column temperature to permit a true indication of reflux
quantity and to improve column operationThe column may also
operate at elevated pressure or vacuumin which case appropriate
device must be included to obtain the desired pressureEquipment
design methods for batch-still componentsexcept for the potfollow
the same principles as those presented for continuous unitshut the
design should be checked for each mixture if several mixtures are to be
processedIt should also be checked at more than one point of a
mixturesince composition in the column changes as distillation
proceedsPot design is based on batch size and required vaporization
rate
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含有精馏的间歇蒸馏如果想得到产品是有比较小的改变,一个精
馏间歇蒸馏塔需要被使用,它的组成包括一个釜或者再沸器,精馏塔,
冷凝器,还有一些方法把冷凝器中的一部分分离出来作为回流,还有一
个或多个接收器.塔顶流出液的温度被控制是为了在或者接近塔温度
的时候形成回流,允许一个真实的指示回流量,并且来提高塔的操作.
这个塔可能也会在加压或者真空的条件下运作,在这种情况下一个
合适的装置需要被安装来获得一个需要的压力.为间歇精馏组分装置
设备设计方法除了釜的设计方法都要遵循和连续单元操作一样的规
则,如果这些混和物需要被处理这个设计就需要对每一种混和物进行
检验.他也将在混和物的多个点被检验,这是因为随着蒸馏的进行在塔
里的组分会变化.釜的设计师建立在釜的尺寸和需要的汽化速率的基
础之上.
In operation, a batch of liquid is charged to the pot and the system is
first brought to steady stale under total refluxA portion of the
overhead condensate is then continuously withdrawn in accordance
with the established reflux policyCuts are made by switching to
alternate receiversat which time operating conditions may be
alteredThe entire column operates as an enriching sectionAs time
proceeds, composition of the material being distilled becomes less rich
in the more volatile 阿componentsand distillation of a cut is stopped
when accentuated distillate attains the desired average composition
在操作过程中,一些液体被装入到釜中,整个系统首先在全回流情
况下达到稳定的状态.通过切换的不同的接收器来将它们分开,.在这
个时候操作条件可能被改变.整个塔作为一个富集部分操作,随着操作
的进行,正在被蒸馏的材料的组成变得不再含有易挥发的组分,如果塔
顶馏分的分离没有达到预期的目标就会被停止.
The progress of batch distillation call be controlled in several ways:
歇他蒸馏操作可以通过以下方法提高.
(i) Constant reflux varying overhead composition Reflux is set at a
predetermined value at which it is maintained for the runSince pot
liquid composition is changing, instantaneous composition of the
distillate also changesDistillation is continued until the distillate
composition is at the desired valueIn the case of a binary, the
overhead is then diverted to another receiver, and an intermediate cut is
withdrawn until the remaining pot liquor meets the required
specification. The intermediate cut is usually added to the next
batchFor a multicomponent mixture two or more intermediate cuts
may be taken between product cuts.
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1.回流不变改变塔顶组成.回流比被设定在一个预定的值,整个系统
在这个值下运行.由于釜液的组分发生改变,塔顶馏出液的组分立刻发
生改变.蒸馏会一直连续进行直到塔顶馏出液的组分达到预定的值.在
二元的情况下,塔顶馏分被直接传到另一个接收器,并且会有中间馏分
被取出,直到剩余的釜液满足需要的特定的值.分出来的中间组分通常
会被加到另一个间歇反应器.对于多组分的混和物,两种或者更多种的
中间组分的分开在产品分开之间.
(ii) Constant ove唐诗三百首300首幼儿早教 rhead composition, varying reflux. If it is desired to
maintain a constant overhead composition in the e of a binary, the
amount of reflux returned to the column must be constantly increased
through the run. As time proceeds, the pot is gradually depleted of the
lighter component. Finally, a point is reached at which the reflux ratio
has attained a very high value. The receivers are then changed, the
reflux is reduced, and an intermediate cut is taken as before. This
technique can also be extended to a multicomponent mixture
不变的塔顶组成,改变回流比.如果要求在二元的情况下维持一个
不变的塔顶组成回到塔的回流量必须在整个运作中不断的减少。
随着过程的进行釜里面的轻组分渐渐地耗尽。最后达到了回流比
非常高的那个点。然后改变接收器回流比减小中间组分像以前
那样被取出。这个技术也可以运用到多组分的混合物中。
(iii) Other control methods. A cycling procedure can be used to set
the pattern for column operation. The unit operates at reflux until
equilibrium is established. Distillate is then taken as total draw-off for a
shout period of time, after which the column is again return to total-
reflux operation. This cycle is repeated through the course of distillation.
Another possibility is to optimize the reflux ratio in order to achieve the
desired separation in a minimum of tie. Complex operations may involve
withdrawal of side streams, provision for intercondensers, addition of
feeds to trays, and periodic charge addition to the pot.
其他的控制方法在塔操作的过程中一个循环的步骤可以被设定
成一种模式。这个单元在全回流的状态下运作直到平衡被建立。然
后馏分在一小段时间内被全部取出在那之后塔又回到了全回流的
状态。这个循环在蒸馏的过程中被重复进行。在最短的时间内为了
达到一个期望的分离另一个可能性就是优化回流比。复杂的操作将
会涉及到侧线取出中间冷凝器的防备向塔盘额外加料还有周
期性的向釜内额外加料。

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