implications是什么意思lications在线翻译读音

CulturalImplicationsforTranslationbyKateJames

uction

Translationisakindofactivitywhichinevitablyinvolvesatleasttwolanguagesandtwoculturalt

raditions.\"(Toury1978:200).Asthisstatementimplies,translatorsarepermanentlyfacedwiththe

problemofhowtotreattheculturalaspectsimplicitinasourcetext(ST)andoffindingthemosta

ppropriatetechniqueofsuccessfullyconveyingtheseaspectsinthetargetlanguage(TL).Thesepr

oblemsmayvaryinscopedependingontheculturalandlinguisticgapbetweenthetwo(ormore)

languagesconcerned(seeNida1964:130).

animportantaspectistodeterminehowmuchmissingbackgroundinformationshouldbeprovide

dbythetranslator

Theculturalimplicationsfortranslationmaytakeseveralformsrangingfromlexicalcontentands

nslatoralsohastodecideontheimp

ortancegiventocertainculturalaspectsandtowhatextentitisnecessaryordesirabletotranslatet

softheSTwillalsohaveimplicationsfortranslationaswellastheinten

dedreadershipforboththeSTandthetargettext(TT).

Consideringtheculturalimplicationsforatranslatedtextimpliesrecognisingalloftheseproblem

sandtakingintoaccountseveralpossibilitiesbeforedecidingonthesolutionwhichappearsthem

applyingthesemethodstothechosentext,thisessay

willexaferentgen

eralproceduresoftreatingtheculturalimplicationsfortranslationwillbeexaminedaswellasana

nslationprocesswillalsobetreatedusingspecific

examplesfoundintheSTbeforediscussingthesuccessofaforementionedtheoreticalmethodsap

pliedtotheTT.

Althoughcorrespondingtoculturalcategoriesexamined,thetitlewillbeconsideredseparatelyin

ordertodeterminethepertinenceofconserving,highlighting,

theseconsi30个经典寓言故事 derations,thetitlewillbeconsideredaftertheotheraspectsasallotherculturalimplica

tionsneedtobeexaminedbeforereachingrelevantconclusions.

ortanceofCultureinTranslation

Thedefinitionof\"culture\"asgivenintheConciseOxfordDictionaryvariesfromdescriptionsoft

he\"Arts\"toplanta

specificallyconcernedwithlanguageandtranslation,Newmarkdefinescultureas\"thewayoflife

anditsmanifestationsthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmean

sofexpression\"(1988:94),thusacknowledgingthateachlanguagegrouphasitsownculturallysp

herclearlystatesthatoperationallyhedoes\"notregardlanguageasacomp

onentorfeatureofculture\"(Newmark1988:95)indirectoppositiontotheviewtakenbyVermeer

whostatesthat\"languageispartofaculture\"(1989:222).AccordingtoNewmark,Vermeer\'sstanc

ewouldimplytheimpossibilitytotranslatewhereasforthelatter,translatingthesourcelanguage

(SL)intoasuitableformofTLispartofthetranslator\'sroleintransculturalcommunication.

Thenotionofcultureisessentialtoconsideringtheimplicationsfortranslationand,despitethedif

ferencesinopinionastowhetherlanguageispartofcultureornot,thetwonotionsappeartobein

singtheproblemsofcorrespondenceintranslation,Nidaconfersequalimportan

cetobothlinguisticandculturaldifferencesbetweentheSLandtheTLandconcludesthat\"differ

encesbetweenculturesmaycausemoreseverecomplicationsforthetranslatorthandodifferences

inlanguagestructure\"(Nida,1964:130).Itisfurtherexplainedthatparallelsincultureoftenprovi

deacoturalimplic

ationsfortranslationarethusofsignificantimportanceaswellaslexicalconcerns.

Lotman\'stheorystatesthat\"nolanguagecanexistunlessitissteepedinthecontextofculture;and

noculturecanexistwhichdoesnothaveatitscentre,thestructureofnaturallangua潮的拼音 ge\"(Lotman,

1978:211-32).Bassnett(1980:13-14)underlinestheimportanceofthisdoubleconsiderationwhen

translatingbystatingthatlanguageis\"theheartwithinthebodyofculture,\"thesurvivalofbotha

sticnotionsoftransferringmeaningareseenasbeingonlypart

ofthetranslati夜书所见的意思是指什么 onprocess;\"awholesetofextra-linguisticcriteria\"

ssnettfurtherpointsout,\"thetranslatormusttackletheSLtextinsuchawaythattheTLversion

heTLcultureisdangerousground\"(Bassnett,1980:23).Thus,whentranslating,itisimportantto

considernotonlythelexicalimpactontheTLreader,butalsothemannerinwhichculturalaspect

smaybeperceivedandmaketranslatingdecisionsaccordingly.

lculturalimplicationsfortranslation

Languageandculturemaythusbeseenasbeingcloselyrelatedandbothaspectsmustbeconsider

nsideringthetranslationofculturalwordsandnotions,Newmarkprop

osestwoopposingmethods:transferenceandcomponentialanalysis(Newmark,1988:96).AsNe

wmarkmentions,transferencegives\"localcolour,\"g

hplacingtheemphasisonculture,meaningfultoinitiatedreaders,heclaimsthismethodmaycaus

eproblemsorta

nceofthetranslationprocessincommunicationleadsNewmarktoproposecomponentialanalysis

whichhedescribesasbeing\"themostaccuratetranslationprocedure,whichexcludestheculturea

ndhighlightsthemessage\"(Newmark,1988:96).Thismaybecomparedtothescaleproposedby

Herveyetal,visualisedasfollows:

(Herveyetal,1992:28)

Nida\'sdefinitionsofformalanddynamicequivalence(seeNida,1964:129)mayalsobeseentoap

ingtoNida,a\"glosstranslation\"

mostlytypifiesformalequivalencewhereformandcontentarereproducedasfaithfullyaspossibl

eandtheTLreaderisableto\"understandasmuchashecanofthecustoms,mannerofthought,a

ndmeansofexpression\"oftheSLcontext(Nida,1964:129).Contrastingwiththisidea,dynamice

quivalence\"triestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviourrelevantwithinthecontextofhisow

nculture\"withoutinsistingthathe\"understandtheculturalpatternsofthesource-languagecontex

t\"(idem).

Text

ureofthesourcetext

Thetextchosenfortranslation(\"LesLoukoumschezl\'Arabe\')isanextractfromLaPremireGor

gedeBireetautresPlaisirsMinuscules(L\'Arpenteur,1998)bytheprize-winningFrenchauthor,

elf-containedchapterofacollectionofsimilarextractswheretheauthor\'

sintentiontopresentcertainaspectsofFrenchlifeinalyricalwaypresentsmatterforthoughtbot

jectmatteriscentredaroundthoughtsonTurkishDelightan

dtheArabshopwherethissweetcanbebought,thusintroducingnotonlyFrench,butNorthAfric

tionsonthesubject,actionanddialogueareallpresentedinthesamena

tcontainsseveralculturally-spec

ificwordsandnotionswhoseimplicationsfortranslationmeritattention.

alreader

Aquestionthatneedstobeaskedwhenconsideringate黄鹤楼崔颢中的千古名句 x校园的拼音 tfortranslationisforwhomtheoriginalt

extwasdeotype

sofidealreadermaybedistinguished:extLes

Loukoumschezl\'Arabe,thisnotionmaybeseenasparticularlyrelevantduetotheliterarynature

oftheextractwiththesubjectmatterbeingspecificallylinkedtoculture.

alSTreader

Coulthard(1992)highlightstheimportanceofdefiningtheidealreaderforwhomtheauthor\"attri

pluscertainopinions,preferen

cesandprejudicesandacertainleveloflinguisticcompeten蓬蒿怎么读 ce.\"Whenconsideringsuchaspects,it

shouldnotbeforgottenthattheextenttowhichtheauthormaybeinfluencedbysuchnotionsisd

ependentonhisownsenseofbelongingtoaspecificsocio-culturalgroup.

Theseprinciplesmaybeappliedto\"LesLoukoumschezl\'Arabe\"andconclusionsmaybereached

concerningDelerm\'sidealreaderinthefollowingway:

horsupposes梧桐树叶图片 thathisidealreaderhasaknowledgeofhistoricaleventsandl

inksbetweenFranceandNorthernAfricancountriesaswellasacertainculturalfamiliaritywitht

hecustomsofthesecountries.

eriencesinthisinstancemaybeconsideredascontactwi

thculturalsituationsdescribedinthetextsuchaspreviousvisitstothekindofArabshopdescribe

dandotherculturalelements(Frenchtownlife).

nopinions,categorymaybeplacedthewidespreadFren

doesnotseekananti-immigrantorracistre

adershipyetinherentculturalprejudicesarenotavoided.

tchosencorrespondstothedescriptionoftheav

eragetextfortranslationgivenbyNewmark,namelyfor\"aneducated,middle-classreadershipin

ass\"anticandculturallevel,

thereareseveralpotentialproblemsforareadernotcorrespondingtothecriteriaoftheidealreade

r.

alTTreader

OncetheidealSTreadershiphasbeendetermined,considerationsmustbemadeconcerningtheT

ardstates:

istheconstructionofanewidealreaderwho,evenifh

ehasthesameacademic,professionalandintellectuallevelastheoriginalreader,willhavesignifi

cantlydifferenttextualexpectationsandculturalknowledge(Coulthard,1992:12).

Inthecaseoftheextracttranslatedhere,itisdebatablewhethertheidealTTreaderhas\"significan

tlydifferenttextualexpectations,\"howeverhisculturalknowledgewillalmostcertainlyvaryconsi

derably.

AppliedtothecriteriausedtodeterminetheidealSTreaderitmaybenotedthatfewconditionsar

,thehistoricalandculturalfactsareunli

kelytrmore,despi

teconsideringtheleveloflinguisticcompetencetoberoughlyequalfortheSTandTTreader,cert

aindifferencesmaypossiblybenotedinresponsetotheuseofculturallyspecificlexiswhichmust

beconsideredwhentranslating.

Althoughcertainopinions,preferencesandprejudicesmaybeinstinctivelytransposedbytheTTr

eaderwhomaylikenthemtohisownexperience(inBritain,forexample,comparingAlgerianand

MoroccanimmigrantstoIndianorPakistanicommunities),itmustberememberedthatthesedo左传子鱼论战翻译 n

ore,thecoresocialandculturalas

pectsremainproblematicwhenconsideringtheculturalimplicationsfortranslation.