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Lazy-Srisersofferadvantagesintheultradeep

InstallationusesprovenTLPtendontechnology

KeithShotbolt,Consultant

Inultradeepwater--beyond1,500m(5,000ft)deep--riserplusumbilicalweightoffafloatingproduction

vessel(FPV)rvaningFPSOshaveturretswivelbearingswith

ystemweightappliedtoadisconnectableFPSOshouldbekeptlowbecause

afterdisconnect,theturretbuoyhaslimitedself-buoyancy.

Riserconfigurationswithintegralbuoyancyinclude:

•Lazy-wave,withaseriesofsmallbuoy芙蓉楼送辛渐古诗拼音 ancycollarsaroundtheoverbend

•Free-standingmulti-orsingle-linetower,withalargebuoyatthetopofthesteelcolumn

•Lazy-S,withatetheredbuoybetweenthelowerJ-catenariesandtheupperU-catenaries.

Lazy-waverisers

y-waveoverbendwith

multiplesmallbuoysusuallyissetfairlydeeptominimizerisermovementfromcurrentandwaveaction.

Asdepthincreasesbeyond1,000m(3,280ft),settinglazy-waveriserbuoyancyat>50%oftotaldepth

leavessignificantweightappliedtotheturret.

ThedisconnectableStybarrowFPSOisoperatingin825m(2,707ft)waterdepthoffAustraliausing

FPSOturretdesignerhasestimatedthatthemaximumpracticaldepth

forlazy-waveflexibleriserstoadisconnectableturretisaround1,500m,dependingonthenumbersof

linesandlateralcurrentvelocity.

ShellplanstoinstallthefirstS-shapedsteelcatenaryrisers(SSCR)orsteellazy-waveriserstoa

weathervaningFPSOonitsBC-10fieldin1,780m(5,840ft)andthe

SSCRareunlikelytobeusedwithaconventionaldisconnectableFPSObecausetheyapplytoomuch

weighttotheturretbuoy,andtheyprobablyneedaflexjointattheturretconnection,whichisdifficultto

-AtlantiahasrecentlyproposedtheMoorSparconcept,whichwouldhavesufficient

bu出塞王昌龄的古诗 oyancytosupportSCRs,andaswivelingarmformooringanFPSO.

Towerrisers

The‘verticalsteeltower+flexpipecatenaryjumper’typeriser,describedinUSpatent4,182,584(granted

in1980),assolFPSOoffAngolacameon

streamin2001throughcircularbundletowerrisers,andthePlutonioFPSOalsohasa1,260m(4,134ft)

dledtowerriserlinesmustusuallybe

incorporatedon‘dayone’enecessarytoincorporate

expansionreliefforindividuallinesinthistypeofconstr芙蓉楼送辛渐二首 王昌龄 uctioniftheyoperateatdifferenttemperatures.

2HOffshoreintroducedthesinglelineoffsetriser(SLOR)attheKizombafield,whichstartedproducingin

centricoffsetriser(COR)versionhasanouterpipearoundtheriserpipe,andtheannular

spacebetweenthemcanbeusedfortransportingliftgas.

Lateralcurrentmaycausealarge‘leaning’deflection,and/orvortex-inducedoscillationsofthebuoyancy

-VIVstrakeswillincreasecurrentdragandoveralldeflectionfromvertical.2Hand

Subsea7introducedtheGroupedSLORconcepttoovercomeproblemsofwidespreadseabed

connections,e

possibletocontrollateraldeflectionsofGroupedSLORsincurrentbyinstallingguylinestotheupper

riserguide我爱你中国朗诵稿 frame.

Aflowlinetoasingleormulti-linetowerbaserequiresaconnectingspoolpiece,whichneeds:

•Seabedspaceforinstallation

•Twomechanicalconnectionswithreliableseals

•Abilitytocaterforanyflowlineexpansion.<.ul>

Towerrisersdonotusuallyincludeumbilicals,whichhavebeenarrangedseparatelyineitherlazy-Sor

lazy-waveconfigurations.

Petrobrasplanstoinstallfivesingle-linefree-standinghybridrisers(FSHRs)toitsdisconnectable

Cascade-ChinookFPSOslatedfortheUSGulfofMexicoinaround2,500m(8,202ft)waterdepth.

TheserisersaresimilartotheSLOR-typedescribedabove.

Lazy-Srisers

Cof诗经蒹葭赏析 lexerU-shaped

catenaryabsorbsvesselandwavemotions,andthetetheredmid-waterbuoymaintainsthelower

lelazy-SrisersystemswereinstalledtoNorthSea

semi-FPVsatIvanhoe/RobRoy(onstream1989)andBuchanfields(operatingvialazy-Ssince1999).

ManyFPSOsoperatingworldwidehavemulti-linelazy-Srisersarrangedovertetheredbuoyant

mid-watersupports.A2001surveyof277flexpiperisersoperatingintheNorthSeaandWestof

Shetlandsoffshoreareashowedthatapproximately50%

waterdepthsto300m(984ft),thebuoysareoftenconstructedaslargehorizontaltubesorcylinders,

maybepositionedover

ociatedtethersaremadefrom

syntheticfiberropeorsteelchain.

Deepwaterrisersupport

InMarch1999,FosterWheelerpresenteditsdeepwaterrisersupport(DRS)conceptattheDeepwater

forDLSRscomprisesa20-50m(66-164ft)long

beam-typesupportforlowercatenaryhangersandoverbendarches,supportedbybuoyancytanksthat

emblyisheldatsettingdepthbyjusttwomaintethersina

singleplane.

InaDLSRsystem,theJ-catenariescanbeflexpipes,umbilicals,integratedproductionbundles(IPBs),

SCRs,dsteelbundlescanonlybeusedwheretheJ-catenaryissufficiently

lotsalongtheDRSwill

allowextrariserstobeaddedwhenrequired.

Indeepwater,withtheDRSsubmerged100-300m(328-984ft),thetotalJ-catenarytensioncanbemore

minimizesthetendencyforhangingriserweightto

rotatethebeamassemblyby:

•Smalloffsetofthelowercatenaryhangers

•Stabilizinghighsetbuoyancycans.

TherangeofapplicationsoftheDRScanbefrom500m(1,640ft)tomorethan3,000m(9,842ft)water

depth,withJ-catenaryweightvaryingfrom<500to>2,000metrictons(<551to>2,205tons).

Tethermaterials

Tethermaterialoptions,tocaterforincreasingwaterdepthandriserweight,includefib中秋节古诗 erropes,

casing-typetubulars,andtensionlegplatform(TLP)-adeepwater,TLP-typetendons

canprovidesufficientaxialstiffness(ExA)

addingextrarisers,donshaveprovedto

beveryreliableinservice.

Riserloadin3,000mwaterdepthwithfourproductionrisersfortwopiggingloops,twoumbilicalsand

twowater/gasdisposal/exportlinescouldreachupto4,000metrictons(4,409tons),needingbuoyancy

tanksofabout12m(39ft)diameterx26m(85ft)therwillcarryapproximately500-metric

tontension,whichremainspracticallyconstantinallweatherconditionsbecausethebuoyantstructureis

donshavebeendesignedforaround1,000metrictons

(1,102tons)tensionincalmconditions,withvariationinthemaximumstormwavefrom32upto2,500

metrictons(35-2,756tons).

TheDRS,withonlytwotethers,keepstetherandrelatedanchorcoststoaminimum.

DRSinstallation

TLPsareusuallyconstructedbypre-installingthetendonswithtemporarybuoyancytanksbefore

loweringthehullstructuredownontothem.

DRSconstructionislikelytobeginbyinstallingthetwotetherswithtopbuoyancytanks,pre-tensioning

thetethersbyde-ballastingthetanks,andthenloweringandattachingtheriser/umbilicalsupportbeam

RScase,thebuoyancytanksarepermanentto

maintaintethertensionandtosupporttherisers.

Thelargecylindricalbuoyancytanksmayrequirestrakestoovercomeproblemswithvortexsheddingin

ible,thetanksshouldbesetbelowthehighcurrentzone.

Horizontalbuoyancytanks

Anotherdesignoption,whichmaybelesssusceptibletovortex-sheddingproblemsandmayeasetendon

topalignment,ssary,atemporaryspacingframewith

twoinvertedVorU-shapedsaddlescouldbeloweredoverthetankstoensurecorrectspacingand

orientationpriortoloweringandfixingtherisersupportbeam.

Clickheretoenlargeimage

Reducingtheoverallheightofthestructurebymountingthetankshorizontallymaybeadvantageousif

izontaltanksshouldhaveinternalbulkheadstodivide

llallowcontrolleddistributionofair/nitrogen

lessgascontentforeoraftwillallow‘trimming’ofthe

structuretodesignorientationundervaryingloadasrisercatenariesareadded.

Guylines

Lateralforces,duetooceancurrentdragand/orcatenaryrisertopangle,willtendtomovethetethered

hestructurehasbeenattachedtothemain

tethers,itmaybenecessarytoattachuptoeightguylinesina4x2patterntomaintaintherisersupport

structureinitsdesignposition,linesarebestconstructed

fromlowsubmergedweightsyntheticfiberrope,eachhavingapproximately100-metricton(110ton)load

nbeattachedtothestructurebyupperlightchainportionspulledthroughchain

stoppers.

Flowassurance

Riser-base-gas-lift(RBGL)hasbeenfittedtoatleastfivemulti-billiondollaroildevelopmentsindepths

from1,000中学语文无忧无虑中学语文网 -1,350m(4,429ft)offWestAfrica,andatleasttwodevelopmentsindepthsfrom1,300-1,850

m(4,265-6,070ft)intheUSGulfofMexico.

Watertemperaturebelow1,500m(4,921ft)depthatalllatitudesislessthan5C(41F),whichmakes

traceheatingattractivetoavoidorclearlineblockage(wax/hydrates)/Intecinstalled

pipe-in-pipeSCRsandflowlinesatSerrano-Oregano,Habanero(750mor2,461ft),andNaKika(1,850

mor6,070ft)developments,whereasupportvesselwithpowersourceandcablecanprovideelectric

SCRshasneededaseparateliftgassupplylinetoaseab风轻云淡的优美句子 edsledand

spoolstoinjectiontees.

Clickheretoenlargeimage

TotalinstalledTechnip’sIPBswithintegralelectricheating,temperaturemonitoring,andRBGLforeight

12-in.(30-cm)risersatDalia(1,350m)development,rnativeto

anIPBmaybeaflexibleriserpipewithapiggy-back3-in.(7.6-cm)gasliftline,butwouldnotbenefitfrom

dflexpipesdonotrequireanti-VIVstrakes.

Subseapumpsarebeing

pumpsneedhighvoltagecablesforpowersupply,whichaddtotheoverallriser/umbilicalsystemweight.

LowerJ-catenariesthatincludeanyoftheseflowassurancemethodscanbesuspendedfromaDRS,

whichcanalsosupportagasliftmanifoldandelectricaldistributionboxestosimplifyU-catenary

connectionstoanFPSOturret.

Abouttheauthor

KeithShotboltgained32yearsexperienceinoilandgasprojectsandisnowan

PEpapersonriserdesignandflowassurancewhile

withBrown&Root(1983)andBechtel(1986),FosterWheelerencouragedhimto

presentapaperonDeepwaterRiserOptionsinNewOrleansandAberdeenin1999.

Questions/lt@

Advantagesofadeepwaterlazy-Sriser(DLSR)systeminultradeepwaterinclude:

•Neatarrangementofarelativelylargenumberofrisersandumbilicals

•MinimumriserandumbilicalweightappliedtotheFPV

•InstallationusesprovenTLPtendontechnologyandmethod

•Noconcernaboutriserbaseconnectionsandflowlineexpansion

•AdaptabletosuitthelatestmethodsforRBGLandtraceheating

•Theoverbendlocationofallrisersandumbilicalsiscontrolledbythetetheredbuoyantsupport,

whichcanbesetwellbelowthewaveandhighcurrentzone,andguyedtorestrictlateral

deflectionfromanyremainingcurrent.

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