zealand是什么意思land在线翻译读音例句

新西兰乃世上最年轻的移民国家之一。波里尼西亚移民约在西元500年至1300年间抵达，

成为新西兰的原住民毛利人。

首批已知到此的欧洲人是奉荷兰东印度公司之命而来的荷兰人亚伯塔斯曼（AbelJanszoon

Tasman）所带领的船队，在1642年抵达“南北岛”西岸。当时他们不知两岛是分开的，故

整体命名为StaatenLandt（州地）。其后再依照他们在现今印尼巴塔维亚的基地名称改为

NieuwZeeland。该基地原先命名是依照荷兰本土的西兰省。

1769年，库克船长（JamesCook）开始仔细研究新西兰，先后三次到访南太平洋和新西兰，

并为新西兰绘制地图。其最初的地图，把斯图尔特岛当作一个半岛，把班克斯半岛当做一个

岛屿。库克的地图致使欧洲捕鲸船扩增在此地海域的活动，新西兰最终成为欧洲的殖民地。

《怀唐伊条约》（TreatyofWaitangi）于1840年签订后，新西兰成为英国殖民地。但该条约

有英文与毛利文二版本，英国皇室代表签了英文版，毛利人签了毛利文版。毛利文版承诺给

毛利人“tinorangatiratanga”，这词在毛利文意为“自治”，英文版却翻译成“首领位置”，双

方对文意及解读不同。这词和其他一些问题至今仍为新西兰政府与毛利人间的芥蒂。比如《海

床和前滩的所有权》归属问题。

1905年，新西兰北岛发生白人与毛利人的北部战争。

1907年，新西兰决定成为英国成为自治领地，而非加入澳大利亚联邦。1947年，新西兰独

立。

新西兰包含两个主要岛屿，南岛与北岛，此外还有周围一些小岛；两岛之间为科克海峡；而

首都惠灵顿则位于北岛的南端，临柯克海峡。

山地约占总面积的一半，其余为平原丘陵和平原；南岛西部有高大的南阿尔卑斯山脉，最高

峰库克山，海拔3764米，多冰川和湖泊；北岛东部地势较高，中、西部有广大的火山区，

多湖泊、瀑布、温泉，湖泊周围为平原；河流短小湍急，富水力。

新西兰属温带阔叶林气候，北岛的奥克兰半岛为亚热带气候，其余为温带气候；年降水量北

岛1000－1500，南岛600－1000毫米，南阿尔卑斯山嫉妒的读音 脉西南部则多达6300毫米。由于气候

温润，牧草丰美。畜牧业采天然放牧，以节省人工和饲料。

Mainarticle:NewZealandplacenames

Detailfroma1657mapshowingthewesterncoastlineof\"NovaZeelandia\"Aotearoa(often

translatedas\"landofthelongwhitecloud\")*11+isthecurrentMorinameforNewZealand,and

knownwhetherMorihadanameforthewhole

countrybeforethearrivalofEuropeans,withAotearoaoriginallyreferringtojusttheNorth

Island.[12]AbelTasmansightedNewZealandin1642andcalleditStatenLandt,supposingitwas

connectedtoalandmassofthesamenameatthesoutherntipofSouthAmerica.[13]In1645

DutchcartographersrenamedthelandNovaZeelandiaaftertheDutchprovinceof

Zeeland.[14][15]BritishexplorerJamesCooksubsequentlyanglicisedthenametoNew

Zealand.[n8]

Morihadseveraltraditionalnamesforthetwomainislands,includingTeIka-a-Mui(thefishof

Mui)fortheNorthIslandandTeWaiPounamu(thewatersofgreenstone)orTeWakaoAoraki

(thecanoeofAoraki)fortheSouthIsland.[16]EarlyEuropeanmapslabelledtheislandsNorth

(NorthIsland),Middle(SouthIsland)andSouth(StewartIsland/Rakiura).[17]In1830maps

begantouseNorthandSouthtodistinguishthetwolargestislandsandby1907thiswasthe

acceptednorm.[18]TheNewZealandGeographicBoarddiscoveredin2009thatthenamesof

theNorthIslandandSouthIslandhadneverbeenformalised,buttherearenowplanstodo

so.*19+TheboardisalsoconsideringsuitableMorinames,*20+withTeIka-a-Muiand

TeWaiPounamuthemostlikelychoicesaccordingtothechairmanoftheMoriLanguage

Commission.[21]

HistoryMainarticle:HistoryofNewZealand

TheMoripeoplearemostlikelydescendedfrompeoplethatemigratedfromTaiwanto

pauseof70–265yearsa

newwaveofexplorationledtothediscoveryandsettlementofNewZealand.[22]NewZealand

arbondating,evidenceof

deforestation*23+andmitochondrialDNAvariabilitywithinMoripopulations[24]suggestNew

ZealandwasfirstsettledbyEasternPolynesiansbetween1250and1300,[16][25]concludinga

longseriesofvoyagesthroughthesouthernPacificislands.[26]Overthecenturiesthatfollowed

thesesettlersdevelopedadistinctculturenowknownasMulationwasdividedinto

iwi(tribes)andhap(subtribes)whichwouldcooperate,competeandsometimesfightwitheach

pointagroupofMorimigratedtotheChathamIslands(whichtheynamed

Rkohu)wheretheydevelopedtheirdistinctMorioriculture.[27][28]TheMorioripopulationwas

decimatedbetween1835and1862,largelyduetoMoriinvasionandenslavement,although

1862only101survivedandthelastknownfull-blooded

Morioridiedin1933.[29]

ThefirstEuropeansknowntohavereachedNewZealan列子一则原文及翻译 dwereDutchexplorerAbelTasmanand

hiscrewin1642.[30]Inahostileencounter,fourcrewmemberswerekilledandatleastone

Moriwashitbycanistershot.*31+EuropeansdidnotrevisitNewZealanduntil1769whenBritish

explorerJamesCookmappedalmosttheentirecoastline.[30]FollowingCook,NewZealandwas

visitedbynumerousEuropeanandNorthAmericanwhaling,

tradedfood,metaltools,weaponsandothergoodsfortimber,food,artefacts,water,andon

occasionsex.*32+TheintroductionofthepotatoandthemuskettransformedMoriagriculture

esprovidedareliablefoodsurplus,whichenabledlongerandmoresustained

militarycampaigns.[33]Theresultinginter-tribalMusketWarsencompassedover600battles

between1801and1我曾踏月归来 愿枕星河入梦 840,killingbetween30,000–40,000Mori.*34+Fromtheearly19thcentury,

ChristianmissionariesbegantosettleNewZealand,eventuallyconvertingmostoftheMori

population.*35+TheMoripopulationdeclinedtoaround40percentofitspre-contactlevel

duringthe19thcentury;introduceddiseaseswerethemajorfactor.[36]

TheWaitangisheetfromtheTreatyofWaitangiTheBritishgovernmentappointedJamesBusbyas

BritishResidenttoNewZealandin1832[37]andin1835,followinganannouncementof

impendingFrenchsovereignty,thenebulousUnitedTribesofNewZealandsentaDeclarationof

theIndependencetoKingWilliamIVoftheUnitedKingdomaskingforprotection.[37]Ongoing

unrestandthedubiouslegalstandingoftheDeclarationofIndependencepromptedtheColonial

OfficetosendCaptainWilliamHobsontoclaimsovereigntyfortheBritishCrownandnegotiatea

treatywiththeMori.*38+TheTreatyofWaitangiwasfirstsign石灰吟意思翻译 edintheBayofIslandson6

February1840.[39]InresponsetothecommerciallyrunNewZealandCompany\'sattemptsto

establishanindependentsettlementinWellington[40]andFrenchsettlers\"purchasing\"landin

Akaroa,[41]HobsondeclaredBritishsovereigntyoverallofNewZealandon21May1840,even

thoughcopiesoftheTreatywerestillcirculating.[42]WiththesigningoftheTreatyand

declarationofsovereigntythenumberofimmigrants,particularlyfromtheUnitedKingdom,

begantoincrease.[43]

NewZealand,originallypartofthecolonyofNewSouthWales,becameaseparateCrowncolony

in1841.[44]Thecolonygainedarepresentativegovernmentin1852andthe1stNewZealand

Parliamentmetin1854.[45]In1856thecolonyeffectivelybecameself-governing,gaining

responsibilityoveralldomesticmattersotherthannativepolicy.(Controlovernativepolicywas

grantedinthemid-1860s.)[45]FollowingconcernsthattheSouthIslandmightformaseparate

colony,premierAlfredDomettmovedaresolutiontotransferthecapitalfromAucklandtoa

localityneartheCookStrait.[46]Wellingtonwaschosenduetoitsharbourandcentrallocation,

grantnumbersincreased,

conflictsoverlandledtotheNewZealandWarsofthe1860sand1870s,resultinginthelossand

confiscationofmuchMoriland.*47+I论语的正规全文 n1893thecountrybecamethefirstnationintheworldto

grantallwomentherighttovote[48]andin1894pioneeredtheadoptionofcompulsory

arbitrationbetweenemployersandunions.[49]

In1907NewZealanddeclareditselfaDominionwithintheBritishEmpireandin1947the

countryadoptedtheStatuteofWestminster,makingNewZealandaCommonwealthrealm.[45]

NewZealandwasinvolvedinworldaffairs,fightingalongsidetheBritishEmpireinthefirstand

secondWorldWars[50]andsufferingthroughtheGreatDepression.[51]Thedepressionledto

theelectionofthefirstLabourgovernmentandtheestablishmentofacomprehensivewelfa田园乐王维萋萋芳草春绿 re

stateandaprotectionisteconomy.[52]NewZealandexperiencedincreasingprosperityfollowing

WorldWarII*53+andMoribegantoleavetheirtraditionalrurallifeandmovetothecitiesin

searchofwork.*54+AMoriprotestmovementdeveloped,whichcriticisedEurocentrismand

workedforgreaterrecognitionofMoricultureandtheTreatyofWaitangi.*55+In1975,a

WaitangiTribunalwassetuptoinvestigateallegedbreachesoftheTreaty,and南乡子 登京口北固亭有怀 辛弃疾 itwasenabledto

investigatehistoricgrievancesin1985.[39]Thegovernmenthasnegotiatedsettlementsofthese

grievanceswithmanyiwi,althoughMoriclaimstotheforeshoreandseabedhaveproved

controversialinthe2000s.