portraits是什么意思traits在线翻译读音

托福阅读真题第113篇Portraits_as_Art（答案文章最后）

AccordingtotheOxfordEnglishDictionary,portraitureis,“a

representationordelineationofaperson,especiallyoftheface,

madebylife,bydrawing,painting,a

likeness.”However,thissimplisticdefinitiondisregardsthe

itsareworksofartthatengage

withideasofidentityastheyareperceived,represented,and

understoodindifferenttimesandplaces,ratherthansimplyaim

onceptsofidentitycanencompass

socialhierarchy,gender,age,profession,andthecharacterofthe

subject,thanbeingfixed,these

featuresareexpressiveoftheexpectationsandcircumstancesof

possibleto

reproducetheaspectsofidentity;itisonlypossibletoevokeor

uently,eventhoughportraitsrepresent

individuals,itisgenerallyconventionalortypical-ratherthan

unique-qualitiesofsubjectthatarestressedbytheartist.

Portraitarthasalsoundergonesignificantshiftsinartistic

ethefactthatthemajorityof

portraitsportraythesubjectmatterinsomeamountof

verisimilitude,(anappearanceofbeingtrueorreal),theyarestill

theoutcomeofprevailingartisticfashionsandfavoredstyles,

techniques,ore,portraitartisavastart

categorywhichprovidesawiderangeofengagementswith

social,psychological,andartisticpracticesandexpectations.

Sinceportraitsaredistinctfromothergenresorart

categoriesinthewaystheyareproduced,thenatureofwhatthey

represent,andhowtheyfunctionasobjectsofuseanddisplay,

,duringtheirproduction,

portraitsrequirethepresenceofaspecificperson,oranimage

oftheindividualtoberepresented,

majorityofinstances，theproductionofportraiturehas

necessitatedsittings,whichresultininteractionbetweenthe

subject(s)

sitterisofhighsocialstandingorisoccupiedandunavailableto

sitinthestudioregularly,portraitistscouldusephotographsor

pe,duringtheseventeenthand

eighteenthcentury,thesittingtimewassometimesdecreasedby

focusingsolelyontheheadandusingprofessionaldrapery

tance,SirPeterLily,the

Englishartist,hadacollectionofposesinapatternbookthat

enabledhimtofocusontheheadandrequirefewersittingsfrom

itpainterscouldbeaskedto

sort

ofinstance,photographsorprintsofthesubjectcouldbe

tically,portraitistscouldworkfrom

impressionsormemorieswhencreatingapainting,butthisisa

eless,

whethertheworkisbasedonmodelsittings,copyinga

photographorsketch,orusingmemory,theprocessofpainting

aportraitiscloselylinkedwiththeimplicitorexplicitattendance

ofthemodel.

Furthermore,portraitpaintingcanbedifferentiatedfrom

otherartisticgenreslikelandscape,stilllife,andhistorybyits

connectionwithappearance,,theartof

portraitpaintinggotareputationforimitation,orcopying,

insteadofforartisticinnovationorcreativity;consequently,itis

sometimesviewedasbeingofalowerstatusthantheother

ingtoRenaissancearttheory,(whichprevailed

untilthestartofthenineteenthcentury)fineartwassupposed

torepresentidealizedimages,aswellastobeoriginaland

iture,in

comparison,becamelinkedwiththelevelofamechanical

angelo’swellknown

protestthathewouldnotpaintportraitsbecausetherewerenot

enoughideallybeautifulmo诗词网站大全 delsisonlyoneexampleofthe

dismissiveattitudetoportraiturethatpersistedamong

professionalartist-eventhosewho,ironically,madetheirliving

imeofmodernism,duringthe

nineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,theattitudetowards

,artistsfromaroundtheglobe

persistedpaintingportraitsinspiteoftheirtheoreticalobjections.

Picasso,forinstance,becamerenownedfor致真心朋友的句子 cubiststill-life

paintingearlyinhiscareer,butsomeofhismosteffectiveearly

experimentsinthisnewstylewerehisportraitsofartdealers.

【Paragraph1】AccordingtotheOxfordEnglishDictionary,

portraitureis,“arepresentationordelineationofaperson,

especiallyoftheface,madebylife,bydrawing,painting,

alikeness.”However,thissimplistic

itsare

worksofartthatengagewithideasofidentityastheyare

perceived,represented,andunderstoodindifferenttimesand

places,

conceptsofidentitycanencompasssocialhierarchy,gender,age,

profession,andthecharacterofthesubject,amongotherthings.

Ratherthanbeingfixed,thesefeaturesareexpressiveofthe

expectationsandcircumstancesofthetimewhentheportrait

possibletoreproducetheaspectsofidentity;it

uently,even

thoughportraitsrepresentindividuals,itisgenerally

conventionalortypical-ratherthanunique-qualitiesofsubject

itarthasalsoundergone

ethe

factthatthemajorityofportraitsportraythesubjectmatterin

someamountofverisimilitude,(anappearanceofbeingtrueor

real),theyarestilltheoutcomeofprevailingartisticfashionsand

favoredstyles,techniques,ore,portraitartisa

vastartcategorywhichprovidesawiderangeofengagements

withsocial,psychological,andartisticpracticesandexpectations.

ingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowinggives

supportofportraitpainting\'scomplexity?

itsrepresentingfacesaremoretruetolifethan

portraitsthatportrayawholefigure

itartcomesinmanyvarieties,whichinclude

painting,photography,anddrawing

ituretriestoport神志不清的拼音 raythemostuncommonattributes

ofagivensubject

itureisaninterpretationofasubjectratherthana

copyofit

d“prevailing”inthepassageisclosestin

meaningto

nt

ct

t

【Paragraph2】Sinceportraitsaredistinctfromothergenres

orartcategoriesinthewaystheyareproduced,thenatureof

whattheyrepresent,andhowtheyfunctionasobjectsofuseand

display,,duringtheir

production,portraitsrequirethepresenceofaspecificperson,or

animageoftheindividualtoberepresented,inalmostallcases.

Inthemajorityofinstances，theproductionofportraiturehas

necessitatedsittings,whichresultininteractionbetweenthe

subject(s)

sitterisofhighsocialstandingorisoccupiedandunavailableto

sitinthestudioregularly,portraitistscouldusephotographsor

pe,duringtheseventeenthand

eighteenthcentury,thesittingtimewassometimesdecreasedby

focusingsolelyontheheadandusingprofessionaldrapery

tance,SirPeterLily,the

Englishartist,hadacollectionofposesinapatternbookthat

enabledhimtofocusontheheadandrequirefewersittingsfrom

itpainterscouldbeaskedto

sort

ofinstance,photographsorprintsofthesubjectcouldbe

tically,portraitistscouldworkfrom

impressionsormemorieswhencreatingapainting,butthisisa

eless,

whethertheworkisbasedonmodelsittings,copyinga

photographorsketch,orusingmemory,theprocessofpainting

aportraitiscloselylinkedwiththeimplicitorexplicitattendance

ofthemodel.

aph2suggestswhichofthefollowingdifferences

betweenportraitureandothertypesofart?

itsportraythesubjectmatterinamoreaccurate

mannerthanotherformsofart.

itstypicallytakelesstimetoproducethanotherart

forms.

itstypicallynecessitateanincreasedlevelof

personalinteractionbetweenthesubjectmatterandartistthan

other

artforms.

sitiontootherartforms,portraitureusually

necessitatescollaborationamongseveralartists.

hordiscussesthe“SirPeterLily,theEnglish

artist”,toprovideanexampleofanartistwho

edamethodtoreducethenecessarynumberof

sittingsforhisrichpatrons

edprofessionaldraperypainterstohelphimfinish

hisportraits

tratedonpaintingdifferentpartsofthesubject

bodyateachsitting

ncommonrangeofpatronsassubjects

hefollowingarementionedinparagraph2as

techniquesemployedbyartiststocreateportraitsEXCEPT

ingfacialtraitsfromdifferentsubjects

ingthesubjectsdirectlyduringpainting

gaphotograph

ingwhatthesubjectlookedlikefrommemory

【Paragraph3】Furthermore,portraitpaintingcanbe

differentiatedfromotherartisticgenreslikelandscape,stilllife荷塘月色朱自清 ,

andhistorybyitsconnectionwithappearance,

such,theartofportraitpaintinggotareputationforimitation,

orcopying,insteadofforartisticinnovationorcreativity;

consequently,itissometimesviewedasbeingofalowerstatus

ingtoRenaissancearttheory,

(whichprevaileduntilthe咸阳城东楼拼音 startofthenineteenthcentury)fineart

wassupposedtorepresentidealizedimages,aswellastobe

iture,

incomparison,becamelinkedwiththelevelofamechanical

angelo’swellknown

protestthathewouldnotpaintportraitsbecausetherewerenot

enoughideallybeautifulmodelsisonlyoneexampleofthe

dismissiveattitudetoportraiturethatpersistedamong

professionalartist-eventhosewho,ironically,madetheirliving

imeofmodernism,duringthe

nineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,theattitudetowards

,artistsfromaroundtheglobe

persistedpaintingportraitsinspiteoftheirtheoreticalobjections.

Picasso,forinstance,becamerenownedforcubiststill-life

paintingearlyinhiscareer,butsomeofhismosteffectiveearly

experimentsinthisnewstylewerehisportraitsofartdealers.

ingtoparagraph3,portraituregrewtoberegarded

asamechanicalpracticeduetoitsass白居易描写桃花的诗句 ociationwithwhichofthe

following?

tion

ion

tionism

vity

nbeinferredfromparagraph3regarding

Michelangelo’sviewofportraiture?

thatimitatingandcopyingwereprerequisitesof

achievingcreativeportraits.

ghtthatportraitartistsoughttoselectsubjects

fromlongagoratherthanpresentday.

thatportraitartshouldbeviewedasaformoffine

art.

thatportraitsshouldonlyportrayidealizedbeauty.

graph3,theauthortalksaboutPicassoasan

exampleofanartistwho

dthewayotherartistsfeltaboutportraitart

onportraitarttoestablishahighreputation

ertheoreticalobjectionstoportraiturethanmost

modernartists

dportraitsinspiteofhisdoubtsaboutportraiture

asafineartform

【Paragraph2】Sinceportraitsaredistinctfromothergenres

orartcategoriesinthewaystheyareproduced,thenatureof

whattheyrepresent,andhowtheyfunctionasobjectsofuseand

display,theyareworthyofseparatestudy.■First,duringtheir

production,portraitsrequirethepresenceofaspecificperson,or

animageoftheindividualtoberepresented,inalmostallcases.

■Inthemajorityofinstances,theproductionofportraiturehas

necessitatedsittings,whichresultininteractionbetweenthe

subject(s)andartistthroughoutthecreationofthework.■Ifthe

sitterisofhighsocialstandingorisoccupiedandunavailableto

sitinthestudioregularly,portraitistscouldusephotographsor

sketchesoftheirsubject.■InEurope,duringtheseventeenthand

eighteenthcentury,thesittingtimewassometimesdecreasedby

focusingsolelyontheheadandusingprofessionaldrapery

tance,SirPeterLily,the

Englishartist,hadacollectionofposesinapatternbookthat

enabledhimtofocusontheheadandrequirefewersittingsfrom

itpainterscouldbeaskedto

sort

ofinstance,photographsorprintsofthesubjectcouldbe

tically,portraitistscouldworkfrom

impressionsormemorieswhencreatingapainting,butthisisa

eless,

whethertheworkisbasedonmodelsittings,copyinga

photographorsketch,orusingmemory,theprocessofpainting

aportraitiscloselylinkedwiththeimplicitorexplicitattendance

ofthemodel.

thefoursquares【■】thatindicatewherethe

followingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage

Incertaininstances,portraitartistsdependedona

combinationofdirectandindirectinvolvementwiththeir

subjects.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

10.【Directions】Anintroductorysentenceforabrief

tethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthe

ntencesdonot

belonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenot

questionisworth2points.

Portraitureasanartformismorecomplexthanis

suggestedbyitsdefinition.

●

●

●

AnswerChoices

initionsofportraitartinthedictionaryhave

regularlytransformedthroughouttheyearstoreflectshifting

attitudesregardingthegenre.

itartshouldbeconsideredasadistinctartisticgenre

duetoitsintenseoccupationwiththesubjectandthewayin

whichitwasproduced.

ingintheRenaissanceandcontinuingintothestart

ofthenineteenthcentury,portraitartwasidealizedtoagreater

degreethanitisintoday.

itsgenerallymirrortheconventionsofthetime

ratherthantheuniquequalitiesoftheindividual.

houthistory,themajorityofprofessionalartists

avoidedportraitartsincetheyregardeditasamechanicalart

form,andnotasfineart.

itartwasattimesviewedinanegativelightsinceit

wasconsideredassimplecopyingvoidofartisticinnovation.